Surface functionalization – a new functional dimension added to 3D printing

Pan Jiang, Zhongying Ji, Xiaolong Wang and Feng Zhou

J. Mater. Chem. C, 2020, 8, 12380
DOI: 10.1039/D0TC02850A

Nature-inspired interface fluid behaviors, superhydrophobic material design, and droplet dynamics: a systematic review

Riffat Ghazala, Muhammad Abdullah Askari, Shuai Guo, Zhenqian Chen, Bo Xu and Xin Wang

Nanoscale, 2026, 18, 603
DOI: 10.1039/D5NR03088A

The effects of surface hydration on capillary adhesion under nanoscale confinement

Sijia Huang, Carlos E. Colosqui, Y.-N. Young and Howard A. Stone

Soft Matter, 2022, 18, 4786
DOI: 10.1039/D2SM00473A

Interfacial fluid manipulation with bioinspired strategies: special wettability and asymmetric structures

Haoyu Bai, Tianhong Zhao and Moyuan Cao

Chem. Soc. Rev., 2025, 54, 1733
DOI: 10.1039/D4CS01073F

Covalent crosslinking chemistry for controlled modulation of nanometric roughness and surface free energy

Debasmita Sarkar, Manideepa Dhar, Avijit Das, Sohini Mandal, Anirban Phukan and Uttam Manna

Chem. Sci., 2024, 15, 4938
DOI: 10.1039/D3SC06077B

Customizing oil-wettability in air—without affecting extreme water repellency

Avijit Das and Uttam Manna

Nanoscale, 2020, 12, 24349
DOI: 10.1039/D0NR05964A

Facile Fabrication of Multifunctional Superhydrophobic Surfaces Synthesized by the Additive Manufacturing Technique Modified with ZnO Nanoparticles

Thanseeha Sherin P A, Shamili Bandaru, Mallikarjuna Rao Motapothula, Goutam Kumar Dalapati, Sambasivam Sangaraju, Satheesh Krishnamurthy, Writoban Basu Ball, Sabyasachi Chakrabortty and Siddhartha Ghosh

Langmuir, 2025, 41, 2312
DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c03907

Multifarious anti-biofouling bioprosthetic heart valve materials with the formation of interpenetrating polymer network structures

Yang Lei, Xiaorong Lan, Zhoukun He, Anlin Yin, Wanyu Jin, Qinsheng Hu and Yunbing Wang

Materials & Design, 2021, 206, 109803
DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2021.109803

Self-assembled supramolecular pillared arrays as bionic interface to stabilize zinc metal anodes

Kang Ma, Shuang Chen, Ran Zeng, Zhen Luo, Yancheng Wang, Yinzhu Jiang, Hongge Pan, Deqing Mei and Kai Tao

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2025, 503, 158660
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2024.158660

Recent Progress in 3D Printing of Bioinspired Structures

Danfeng Wang, Dongdong Chen and Zeyu Chen

Front. Mater., 2020, 7
DOI: 10.3389/fmats.2020.00286

Recent Advances in Polymer-based 3D Printing for Wastewater Treatment Application: An Overview

Nurul Husna Mohd Yusoff, Lui-Ruen Irene Teo, Sue Jiun Phang, Voon-Loong Wong, Kean How Cheah and Siew-Shee Lim

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2022, 429, 132311
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.132311

Structure–mechanical property relationships of 3D-printed porous polydimethylsiloxane films

Xiaowei Zhu, Yue Li, Yilun Shi, Lanjie Hou, Guoxian Wang, Zhoukun He and Xiaorong Lan

Nanotechnology Reviews, 2023, 12
DOI: 10.1515/ntrev-2023-0188

Antifouling agent “smart switch”: 3D-printed antifouling functional tablets based on Tesla valve structures

Zhuo Deng, Yi Wang, Yaohua Gao, Xiaohan Xu, Xile Wei and Peng Wang

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2025, 516, 163991
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2025.163991

Evolution of antibacterial and antibiofouling properties of sharkskin-patterned surfaces

Sabra Rostami and Bora Garipcan

Surface Innovations, 2022, 10, 165
DOI: 10.1680/jsuin.21.00055

Additive manufacturing of micropatterned functional surfaces: a review

Aditya Chivate and Chi Zhou

Int. J. Extrem. Manuf., 2024, 6, 042004
DOI: 10.1088/2631-7990/ad4240

Bioinspiration and Microtopography As Nontoxic Strategies for Marine Bioadhesion Control

Elora Védie, Hugues Brisset, Jean‐François Briand and Christine Bressy

Adv Materials Inter, 2021, 8
DOI: 10.1002/admi.202100994

Recent Progress on Fluorine-Free Smooth and Textured Surfaces Exhibiting (Super)omniphobicity and Their Future Prospects

Jerred Wassgren and Atsushi Hozumi

ACS Nano, 2025, 19, 27075
DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5c02443

Superaerophobic polymer objects prototyped via liquid crystal display (LCD)-based 3D printing: one-step post-surface-treatment and application in underwater bubble manipulation

Meichen Liu, Yaping Sun, Mengzhen Zhou, Peng Wang, Xiaoyan Ma, Weiye Xu, Teng Zhang, Yanzhi Xia and Zhong Xiong

Virtual and Physical Prototyping, 2024, 19
DOI: 10.1080/17452759.2024.2359005

The diffuse solid method for wetting and multiphase fluid simulations in complex geometries

Fandi Oktasendra, Michael Rennick, Samuel J. Avis, Jack R. Panter and Halim Kusumaatmaja

Physics of Fluids, 2025, 37
DOI: 10.1063/5.0267171

Robust and UV-resistant multifunctional surface for self-cleaning, navigated oil absorption and oil/water separation

Congcong Li, Huixia Feng, Guannan Ju, Baiyi Chen and Baomei Huang

Surfaces and Interfaces, 2023, 37, 102670
DOI: 10.1016/j.surfin.2023.102670

A review on 3D printing of bioinspired hydrophobic materials: oil-water separation, water harvesting, and diverse applications

Xiaolong Wang, Alaa Hassan, Hakim Boudaoud, Fangkai Xue, Zhenyu Zhou and Xianhu Liu

Adv Compos Hybrid Mater, 2023, 6
DOI: 10.1007/s42114-023-00740-2

Gecko-Inspired Controllable Adhesive: Structure, Fabrication, and Application

Yanwei Liu, Hao Wang, Jiangchao Li, Pengyang Li and Shujuan Li

Biomimetics, 2024, 9, 149
DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9030149

A Glance at Antimicrobial Strategies to Prevent Catheter-Associated Medical Infections

Susana I. C. Ricardo, Inês I. L. Anjos, Nuno Monge, Célia M. C. Faustino and Isabel A. C. Ribeiro

ACS Infect. Dis., 2020, 6, 3109
DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00526

3D-printed biomimetic structures for energy and environmental applications

Jiaming Li, Mengli Li, J. Justin Koh, John Wang and Zhiyang Lyu

DeCarbon, 2024, 3, 100026
DOI: 10.1016/j.decarb.2023.100026

3D printing of magnetically responsive superhydrophobic porous membranes with on-demand oil-absorption property

Shuyi Li, Zhengyi Song, Yuyan Fan, Dongsong Wei, Chenchen Liao, Chengyu Du, Xiaoxia Yan, Zhiwu Han and Yan Liu

Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2024, 682, 132965
DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.132965

Functional Gradient Metallic Biomaterials: Techniques, Current Scenery, and Future Prospects in the Biomedical Field

Hongyuan Shi, Peng Zhou, Jie Li, Chaozong Liu and Liqiang Wang

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 2021, 8
DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.616845

3D printed polymeric membranes for oil/water separation: a comprehensive review

Rund Abu-Zurayk, Rashmi Walvekar, Hui Leng Choo, Haneen Waleed, Chuanxu Luo, Aya Khalaf and Nour Alnairat

Prog Addit Manuf, 2025, 10, 7311
DOI: 10.1007/s40964-025-01153-x

Study of Proximity Effect in Projection based Micro Vat Photopolymerization Process

Aditya Chivate, Zipeng Guo and Chi Zhou

Additive Manufacturing, 2024, 79, 103926
DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2023.103926

Advancements in release‐active antimicrobial biomaterials: A journey from release to relief

Brinta Bhattacharjee, Sreyan Ghosh, Dipanjana Patra and Jayanta Haldar

WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol, 2022, 14
DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1745

Silane-triggered fabrication of stable waterborne superamphiphobic coatings

Ping Liu, Siqi Liu, Xinquan Yu and Youfa Zhang

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2021, 406, 127153
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.127153

Bioinspired Polymers: Transformative Applications in Biomedicine and Regenerative Medicine

Hossein Omidian, Renae L. Wilson and Niloofar Babanejad

Life, 2023, 13, 1673
DOI: 10.3390/life13081673

Rational design of robust and transparent superrepellent surfaces for long-term marine antifouling

Hui Chen, Zhi Wang, DaHeng Wang, Feng Xiao, Guang-En Fu, XueLing Bu, Lei Zhao, Tao Zhang, DaHeng Wu and JiBin Pu

Sci. China Technol. Sci., 2024, 67, 2031
DOI: 10.1007/s11431-023-2700-8

Bioinspired multiscale optical structures towards efficient light management in optoelectronic devices

Y. Wang, P. Liu, F. Vogelbacher and M. Li

Materials Today Nano, 2022, 19, 100225
DOI: 10.1016/j.mtnano.2022.100225

Smart controlling on the bi-stable state of bio-inspired multifunctional coatings for anti-/de-icing applications

Xinlin Li, Zhe Zhao, Yan Liu, Yanju Liu and Jinsong Leng

Progress in Organic Coatings, 2023, 183, 107754
DOI: 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2023.107754

Tailoring Materials with Specific Wettability in Biomedical Engineering

Lingyu Sun, Jiahui Guo, Hanxu Chen, Dagan Zhang, Luoran Shang, Bing Zhang and Yuanjin Zhao

Advanced Science, 2021, 8
DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100126

Two‐Photon Polymerization Lithography for Optics and Photonics: Fundamentals, Materials, Technologies, and Applications

Hao Wang, Wang Zhang, Dimitra Ladika, Haoyi Yu, Darius Gailevičius, Hongtao Wang, Cheng‐Feng Pan, Parvathi Nair Suseela Nair, Yujie Ke, Tomohiro Mori, John You En Chan, Qifeng Ruan, Maria Farsari, Mangirdas Malinauskas, Saulius Juodkazis, Min Gu and Joel K. W. Yang

Adv Funct Materials, 2023, 33
DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202214211

Tuning 3D-printing parameters to produce vertical ultra-hydrophobic PETG parts with low ice adhesion: A food industry case study

Pablo E Romero, Juan M Barrios, Esther Molero and Andres Bustillo

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture, 2024, 238, 750
DOI: 10.1177/09544054231178970

Advances in laser-based surface texturing for developing antifouling surfaces: A comprehensive review

Abhijit Cholkar, Ronan McCann, Gopinath Perumal, Suman Chatterjee, Mark Swayne, David Kinahan and Dermot Brabazon

Applied Surface Science Advances, 2023, 18, 100513
DOI: 10.1016/j.apsadv.2023.100513

Intelligent manipulation of liquids through the bio-inspired structuring of materials

Chengchun Zhang, Lin Wang, Colin R. Crick and Yao Lu

Progress in Materials Science, 2025, 147, 101358
DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2024.101358

Superhydrophobic SLA 3D printed materials modified with nanoparticles biomimicking the hierarchical structure of a rice leaf

Belén Barraza, Felipe Olate-Moya, Gino Montecinos, Jaime H. Ortega, Andreas Rosenkranz, Aldo Tamburrino and Humberto Palza

Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2022, 23, 300
DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2022.2063035

Unleashing the potential of 3D printing soft materials

Shumao Xu, Salahuddin Ahmed, Marzia Momin, Arafat Hossain and Tao Zhou

Device, 2023, 1, 100067
DOI: 10.1016/j.device.2023.100067

Review on 3D Printing of Bioinspired Structures for Surface/Interface Applications

Qingqing He, Tengteng Tang, Yushun Zeng, Nadine Iradukunda, Brandon Bethers, Xiangjia Li and Yang Yang

Adv Funct Materials, 2024, 34
DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202309323

Theoretical derivation of the wetting equation for surface micro-nano structures

Yu Yang, Junzhe Feng, Zhiguang Guo and Liangliang Shen

Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2025, 725, 137533
DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.137533

3D-Printed Materials for Wastewater Treatment

Snigdha Roy Barman, Pratik Gavit, Saswat Chowdhury, Kaushik Chatterjee and Amit Nain

JACS Au, 2023, 3, 2930
DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00409

Transparent Superamphiphobic Material Formed by Hierarchical Nano Re‐Entrant Structure

Haojun Li, Qingqing Jin, Haibo Li, Hua Tong, Keke Wang, Shuoran Chen, Gangfeng Ouyang, Zuankai Wang and Yanan Li

Adv Funct Materials, 2024, 34
DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202309684

Laser textured dimple-patterns to govern the surface wettability of superhydrophobic aluminum plates

Wei Tong, Lingling Cui, Rongxian Qiu, Chengqi Yan, Yuntong Liu, Nan Wang and Dangsheng Xiong

Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 2021, 89, 59
DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2021.01.084

Performance enhancement of futuristic airplanes by nature inspired biomimetic fish scale arrays—A design approach

Ganesh Natarajan S and Bruce Ralphin Rose J

Biomimetic Intelligence and Robotics, 2022, 2, 100045
DOI: 10.1016/j.birob.2022.100045

Digital Light Processing (DLP) 3D Printing Fabrication of Hydrophobic Meshes Incorporating Fluorinated and Silicone-Based Acrylates Combined with Surface Engineering: Comparison of Their Oil–Water Separation Efficiency

Wai Hin Lee and David Haddleton

ACS Omega, 2024, 9, 49463
DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c07193

Gecko-Inspired Adhesive Mechanisms and Adhesives for Robots—A Review

Soumya Sikdar, Md Hafizur Rahman, Arpith Siddaiah and Pradeep L. Menezes

Robotics, 2022, 11, 143
DOI: 10.3390/robotics11060143

3D Printed Bioinspired Hierarchical Surface Structure With Tunable Wettability

M. M. Towfiqur Rahman and Erina Baynojir Joyee

Journal of Micro- and Nano-Manufacturing, 2022, 10
DOI: 10.1115/1.4064051

Realizing surface amphiphobicity using 3D printing techniques: A critical move towards manufacturing low-cost reentrant geometries

Hamza Shams, Kanza Basit, Muhammad Ali Khan, Sajid Saleem and Asif Mansoor

Additive Manufacturing, 2021, 38, 101777
DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2020.101777

Electrically Assisted Vat Photopolymerization of Bioinspired Hierarchical Structures with Controllable Roughness for Hydrophobicity Enhancement Using Photocurable Resin/Carbon Nanotube

Tengteng Tang, Gana Sai Kiran Avinash Raj Dwarampudi and Xiangjia Li

JOM, 2023, 75, 2137
DOI: 10.1007/s11837-023-05889-1

Advancements in Antimicrobial Biomaterials: New Avenues to Ameliorate Wound Infections and Implant-associated Infections

Sudip Mukherjee, Dipanjana Patra, Subhankar Maity and Jayanta Haldar

CIS, 2025, 03
DOI: 10.2174/012210299X314905241203104146

Light-oriented 3D printing of liquid crystal/photocurable resins and in-situ enhancement of mechanical performance

Xiaolu Sun, Shaoyun Chen, Bo Qu, Rui Wang, Yanyu Zheng, Xiaoying Liu, Wenjie Li, Jianhong Gao, Qinhui Chen and Dongxian Zhuo

Nat Commun, 2023, 14
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42369-1

Biomimetic 3D-Printed Armored Structures for Durable Superhydrophobic Surfaces: Integrating Macroprotection and Nanofunctionality

Kengo Manabe, Makoto Saikawa, Itsuka Sato, Chuan Shen Loo, Kazunori Takashima and Yasuo Norikane

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater., 2024, 6, 13701
DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.4c02416

3D Printing and Blue Sustainability: Taking Advantage of Process-Induced Defects for the Metallic Ion Removal from Water

Akel F. Kanaan and Ana P. Piedade

Polymers, 2024, 16, 1992
DOI: 10.3390/polym16141992

A critical review of biomimetic structures via laser powder bed fusion: Toward multi-functional application

Kun Li, Jiahui Fang, Jianbin Zhan, Ruijin Ma, Shengqian Wang, Yingjie Wu, Na Gong, David Z. Zhang, Xuan Liang, Huajun Cao and Lawrence E. Murr

Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 2024, 131, 2443
DOI: 10.1016/j.jmapro.2024.09.087

A Review on Preparation of Superhydrophobic and Superoleophobic Surface by Laser Micromachining and Its Hybrid Methods

Yang Liu, Mingyi Wu, Chunfang Guo, Dong Zhou, Yucheng Wu, Zhaozhi Wu, Haifei Lu, Hongmei Zhang and Zhaoyang Zhang

Crystals, 2022, 13, 20
DOI: 10.3390/cryst13010020

Small Structure, Large Effect: Functional Surfaces Inspired by Salvinia Leaves

Wei Bing, He Wang, Limei Tian, Jie Zhao, Huichao Jin, Wenbo Du and Luquan Ren

Small Structures, 2021, 2
DOI: 10.1002/sstr.202100079

Tribological Effects of Surface Biomimetic Micro–Nano Textures on Metal Cutting Tools: A Review

Zhenwen Sheng, Hui Zhu, Yu He, Bo Shao, Zhi Sheng and Suqin Wang

Biomimetics, 2025, 10, 283
DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics10050283

Fabrication of functional surfaces using layer height method in material extrusion type 3D printing

Jaebum Sung, Yeongu Choi and Hongyun So

Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2024, 33, 749
DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.09.050

Smart Materials and Micro/Nanoarchitectonics for Water Harvesting: From Fundamental Mechanism to Advanced Application

Xikui Wang, Han Wei, Ningkang Luo, Hong Luo, Xueqiu Zhou, Binli Qin, Yi Mei and Youfa Zhang

Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 2024, 184, 108241
DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2024.108241

Dual-function infill design in fused deposition modeling for mechanical and acoustic optimization

Weijun Shen, Wei Li and Hantang Qin

Smart Mater. Struct., 2025, 34, 085026
DOI: 10.1088/1361-665X/adfbb4

Biomass derived self-regenerative multifunctional superhydrophobic film for oil-water remediation and drag-reduction behaviour

Prateek Pathak, Prabhjot Kaur and H.S. Grewal

Journal of Environmental Management, 2025, 394, 127590
DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.127590

Effect of Build Orientation on Surface Finish and Hydrodynamic Stability of Inkjet 3D-Printed Microfluidic Channels

Emanuela Cutuli, Lorena Saitta, Nunzio Tuccitto, Gianluca Cicala and Maide Bucolo

Polymers, 2025, 17, 1864
DOI: 10.3390/polym17131864

Design Principles and Fabrication Methods for Polymeric Re-entrant Structures for Omniphobic Surfaces

Seong Min Kang

Int. J. of Precis. Eng. and Manuf.-Green Tech., 2026
DOI: 10.1007/s40684-025-00831-z

Tailoring bioinks of extrusion-based bioprinting for cutaneous wound healing

Yuzhen Wang, Xingyu Yuan, Bin Yao, Shuoji Zhu, Ping Zhu and Sha Huang

Bioactive Materials, 2022, 17, 178
DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.01.024

3D Printing‐Enabled Nanoparticle Alignment: A Review of Mechanisms and Applications

Weiheng Xu, Sayli Jambhulkar, Dharneedar Ravichandran, Yuxiang Zhu, Mounika Kakarla, Qiong Nian, Bruno Azeredo, Xiangfan Chen, Kailong Jin, Brent Vernon, David G. Lott, Jeffrey L. Cornella, Orit Shefi, Guillaume Miquelard‐Garnier, Yang Yang and Kenan Song

Small, 2021, 17
DOI: 10.1002/smll.202100817

Additive Manufactured, Bioinspired Stainless Steel Surface for Robust Drag Reduction

Zhen Lin, Peng Xu, Junfei Huang, Jinhong Zhang, Xiaolong Zhang, Lijun Li, Yurong Zhang, Ruteng Wang, Xinping Long, Yifeng Lei, Changhui Song, Daobing Chen and Longjian Xue

J Bionic Eng, 2025, 22, 2539
DOI: 10.1007/s42235-025-00736-2

Design Aspects in Vat Photopolymerization Additive Manufacturing of Hydrophobic Surfaces

Anna Danielak, Aminul Islam, Nicolò Cappelletto, Diana Maria Garza Agudelo and David Bue Pedersen

3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing, 2024, 11, 1545
DOI: 10.1089/3dp.2023.0076

Bioinspired marine antifouling coatings: Status, prospects, and future

Huichao Jin, Limei Tian, Wei Bing, Jie Zhao and Luquan Ren

Progress in Materials Science, 2022, 124, 100889
DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2021.100889

Phase field simulation of liquid filling on grooved surfaces for complete, partial, and pseudo-partial wetting cases

Fandi Oktasendra, Arben Jusufi, Andrew R. Konicek, Mohsen S. Yeganeh, Jack R. Panter and Halim Kusumaatmaja

The Journal of Chemical Physics, 2023, 158
DOI: 10.1063/5.0144886

Visually invisible multimode anti-counterfeiting based on highly transparent superamphiphobic/superhydrophilic pattern

Qingqing Jin, Haojun Li, Yue He, Yu Wang, Yang Chai, Yudong Li, Xizhe Huang, Haibo Li, Shuoran Chen, Yanan Li, Zuankai Wang and Mingmei Wu

Nano Today, 2025, 61, 102621
DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2024.102621

Metallic omniphobic surfaces via additive manufacturing

Mohammad Alipanahrostami, Peyman Alimehr, Mihaela Vlasea and Wei Wang

Applied Materials Today, 2025, 47, 102909
DOI: 10.1016/j.apmt.2025.102909

3D Printing for Super‐Wetting Surfaces

Yuzhe Zhang, Yujie Xue, Mingsunda Li and Yuhan Zhang

Adv Materials Technologies, 2025, 10
DOI: 10.1002/admt.202501049

Optimization strategies and emerging application of functionalized 3D-printed materials in water treatment: A review

Nurul Husna Mohd Yusoff, Chien Hwa Chong, Yoke Kin Wan, Kean How Cheah and Voon - Loong Wong

Journal of Water Process Engineering, 2023, 51, 103410
DOI: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2022.103410

Influence of Gravity on the Sliding Angle of Water Drops on Nanopillared Superhydrophobic Surfaces

Hao Li, Tianyu Yan and Kristen A. Fichthorn

Langmuir, 2020, 36, 9916
DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01597

Characterization of Surface Topographies Generated using Circular- and Cylindrical-Face EDT

S Jithin, Upendra V Bhandarkar and Suhas S Joshi

Surf. Topogr.: Metrol. Prop., 2020, 8, 045018
DOI: 10.1088/2051-672X/abc320

Extreme wetting metallic devices: Structures, fabrication, applications and prospects

Guiwei Li, Zeling Yang, Wenzheng Wu, Lei Ren, Ji Zhao and Luquan Ren

Progress in Materials Science, 2025, 154, 101505
DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2025.101505