Environmental impacts, pollution sources and pathways of spent lithium-ion batteries

Wojciech Mrozik, Mohammad Ali Rajaeifar, Oliver Heidrich and Paul Christensen

Energy Environ. Sci., 2021, 14, 6099
DOI: 10.1039/D1EE00691F

A toolbox for improved recycling of critical metals and materials in low-carbon technologies

Guillaume Zante, Christopher E. Elgar, Jennifer M. Hartley, Rudra Mukherjee, Jeff Kettle, Louise E. Horsfall, Allan Walton, Gavin D. J. Harper and Andrew P. Abbott

RSC Sustainability, 2024, 2, 320
DOI: 10.1039/D3SU00390F

Review of the application of ionic liquid systems in achieving green and sustainable recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries

Huiying Shi, Yi Luo, Chengzhe Yin and Leming Ou

Green Chem., 2024, 26, 8100
DOI: 10.1039/D4GC01207K

Lithium ion battery recycling using high-intensity ultrasonication

Chunhong Lei, Iain Aldous, Jennifer M. Hartley, Dana L. Thompson, Sean Scott, Rowan Hanson, Paul A. Anderson, Emma Kendrick, Rob Sommerville, Karl S. Ryder and Andrew P. Abbott

Green Chem., 2021, 23, 4710
DOI: 10.1039/D1GC01623G

Enhanced electrochemical discharge of Li-ion batteries for safe recycling

Neha Garg, Simo Pekkinen, Eduardo Martínez González, Rodrigo Serna-Guerrero, Pekka Peljo and Annukka Santasalo-Aarnio

Sustainable Energy Fuels, 2024, 8, 2777
DOI: 10.1039/D4SE00125G

Design principles for LiFePO4 electrodes with improved recyclability

Lechen Yang, Dominika Gastol and Emma Kendrick

Green Chem., 2023, 25, 9959
DOI: 10.1039/D3GC03970F

Choline chloride–ethylene glycol based deep-eutectic solvents as lixiviants for cobalt recovery from lithium-ion battery cathode materials: are these solvents really green in high-temperature processes?

Nand Peeters, Kwinten Janssens, Dirk de Vos, Koen Binnemans and Sofía Riaño

Green Chem., 2022, 24, 6685
DOI: 10.1039/D2GC02075K

Lithium based battery systems: technological and environmental challenges and opportunities

João C. Barbosa, Rafael S. Pinto, João P. Serra, Carlos M. Costa, Senentxu Lanceros-Mendez and Renato Gonçalves

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2025, 13, 35952
DOI: 10.1039/D5TA05419B

Synergy or interference? The effect of electrolyte additives and formation protocols combined in sodium-ion batteries

Katja Lahtinen, Paul Latis, Lucas Bruylands and Guiomar Hernández

RSC Appl. Interfaces, 2026, 3, 485
DOI: 10.1039/D5LF00401B

Exploring separation techniques for the direct recycling of high voltage spinel LNMO scrap electrodes

Stiven López Guzmán, Marcus Fehse, Emanuele Gucciardi, Marta Cabello, Silvia Martin, Naiara Etxebarria, Miguel Ceja, Miriam Romera, Montse Galceran and Marine Reynaud

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2025, 13, 2690
DOI: 10.1039/D4TA07642G

Towards greener batteries: sustainable components and materials for next-generation batteries

Palanivel Molaiyan, Shubhankar Bhattacharyya, Glaydson Simoes dos Reis, Rafal Sliz, Andrea Paolella and Ulla Lassi

Green Chem., 2024, 26, 7508
DOI: 10.1039/D3GC05027K

Combined pyro-hydrometallurgical technology for recovering valuable metal elements from spent lithium-ion batteries: a review of recent developments

Minyu He, Xi Jin, Xiaogang Zhang, Xinxi Duan, Pengyang Zhang, Liumei Teng, Qingcai Liu and Weizao Liu

Green Chem., 2023, 25, 6561
DOI: 10.1039/D3GC01077E

Kinetics and mechanism of hydrolysis of PF6− accelerated by H+ or Al3+ in aqueous solution

Takuto Miyashita, Kouji Yasuda and Tetsuya Uda

Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol., 2025, 11, 281
DOI: 10.1039/D4EW00758A

Technologies of lithium recycling from waste lithium ion batteries: a review

Hyuntae Bae and Youngsik Kim

Mater. Adv., 2021, 2, 3234
DOI: 10.1039/D1MA00216C

Mechanics-based design of lithium-ion batteries: a perspective

Bo Lu, Yanan Yuan, Yinhua Bao, Yanfei Zhao, Yicheng Song and Junqian Zhang

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2022, 24, 29279
DOI: 10.1039/D2CP03301A

Recent advances in the industrialization of direct recycling for retired lithium-ion batteries

Runxin Wang, Shijie Ma, Wenze Wang, Feng Liu, Hongzhao Wu, Chunsheng Shi, Yanchun Ke and Biao Chen

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2026, 14, 909
DOI: 10.1039/D5TA05718C

A sustainable delamination method to completely separate spent cathode foils via biomass-derived γ-valerolactone

Zheng Fang, Qiangling Duan, Qingkui Peng, Zesen Wei, Lihua Jiang, Jinhua Sun and Qingsong Wang

Green Chem., 2023, 25, 1546
DOI: 10.1039/D2GC04436F

A holistic review on the direct recycling of lithium-ion batteries from electrolytes to electrodes

Neil Hayagan, Cyril Aymonier, Laurence Croguennec, Mathieu Morcrette, Rémi Dedryvère, Jacob Olchowka and Gilles Philippot

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2024, 12, 31685
DOI: 10.1039/D4TA04976D

Engineering a tandem leaching system for the highly selective recycling of valuable metals from spent Li-ion batteries

Linlin Chen, Yanhong Chao, Xiaowei Li, Guolang Zhou, Qingqiang Lu, Mingqing Hua, Hongping Li, Xiaoguang Ni, Peiwen Wu and Wenshuai Zhu

Green Chem., 2021, 23, 2177
DOI: 10.1039/D0GC03820B

Organic redox polymers as electrochemical energy materials

Hiroyuki Nishide

Green Chem., 2022, 24, 4650
DOI: 10.1039/D2GC00981A

Design for recycle of devices to ensure efficient recovery of technology critical metals

Molly E. Keal, Sean Scott, Bashayer N. N. Alsulami, Jeff Kettle, Andrew Feeney, Jacqueline S. Edge, Paul A. Anderson, Gavin D. J. Harper, Allan Walton, Guillaume Zante and Andrew P. Abbott

RSC Sustainability, 2025, 3, 2455
DOI: 10.1039/D5SU00128E

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of metals from Lithium-ion batteries using natural organic acids

Xiong Xiao, Billy W. Hoogendoorn, Yiqian Ma, Suchithra Ashoka Sahadevan, James M. Gardner, Kerstin Forsberg and Richard T. Olsson

Green Chem., 2021, 23, 8519
DOI: 10.1039/D1GC02693C

Timeline for establishing a circular economy for lithium-ion batteries

Jennifer M. Hartley, Sean Scott, Jake M. Yang, Paul A. Anderson, Gavin D. J. Harper, Jyoti Ahuja, Evi Petavratzi, Harikrishnan Tulsidas and Andrew P. Abbott

EES Batteries, 2025, 1, 1502
DOI: 10.1039/D5EB00144G

Direct recycling of EV production scrap NMC532 cathode materials

Emily C. Giles, Abbey Jarvis, Alexander T. Sargent, Paul A. Anderson, Phoebe K. Allan and Peter R. Slater

RSC Sustainability, 2024, 2, 3014
DOI: 10.1039/D4SU00389F

Ionometallurgy: an academic exercise or promising approach?

Janine Richter and Michael Ruck

RSC Sustainability, 2024, 2, 1202
DOI: 10.1039/D4SU00013G

A green strategy for the selective recovery of lithium and the synthesis of CoFe2O4 catalyst for CO oxidation from spent lithium-ion batteries

Minyu He, Weizao Liu, Meijie Gao, Pengyang Zhang, Xi Jin, Hongli Wu and Qingcai Liu

Green Chem., 2023, 25, 9969
DOI: 10.1039/D3GC02987E

Non-aqueous direct leaching using a reusable nickel-selective amic-acid extractant for efficient lithium-ion battery recycling

Takejiro Matsui, Takafumi Hanada and Masahiro Goto

RSC Sustainability, 2025, 3, 881
DOI: 10.1039/D4SU00414K

Selective bacterial separation of critical metals: towards a sustainable method for recycling lithium ion batteries

Virginia Echavarri-Bravo, Houari Amari, Jennifer Hartley, Giovanni Maddalena, Caroline Kirk, Maarten W. Tuijtel, Nigel D. Browning and Louise E. Horsfall

Green Chem., 2022, 24, 8512
DOI: 10.1039/D2GC02450K

Debondable adhesives and their use in recycling

Kira R. Mulcahy, Alexander F. R. Kilpatrick, Gavin D. J. Harper, Allan Walton and Andrew P. Abbott

Green Chem., 2022, 24, 36
DOI: 10.1039/D1GC03306A

Science – a chess game against time

Petra van der Merwe

RSC Sustainability, 2023, 1, 1599
DOI: 10.1039/D3SU90039H

Intelligence-assisted predesign for the sustainable recycling of lithium-ion batteries and beyond

Mengting Zheng, Hengky Salim, Tiefeng Liu, Rodney A. Stewart, Jun Lu and Shanqing Zhang

Energy Environ. Sci., 2021, 14, 5801
DOI: 10.1039/D1EE01812D

A redox-active porous polymer based on poly(imide-triazine) as a high-performance cathode for lithium-ion batteries

Refka El Oueslati, Badr Jismy, Benjamin Flamme, Nicolas Leclerc, Fouad Ghamouss and Mohamed Abarbri

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2024, 12, 15866
DOI: 10.1039/D4TA00221K

Challenges in the direct lithiation of spent LFP cathodes: the crucial role of reducing agents

Tassadit Ouaneche, Lorenzo Stievano, Laure Monconduit, Claude Guèry, Nadir Recham and Moulay Tahar Sougrati

EES Batteries, 2025, 1, 1068
DOI: 10.1039/D4EB00044G

Optimizing geographic locations for electric vehicle battery recycling preprocessing facilities in California

Megan W. Haynes, Rodrigo Cáceres González and Marta C. Hatzell

RSC Sustainability, 2024, 2, 377
DOI: 10.1039/D3SU00319A

Fundamentals, status and challenges of direct recycling technologies for lithium ion batteries

Haocheng Ji, Junxiong Wang, Jun Ma, Hui-Ming Cheng and Guangmin Zhou

Chem. Soc. Rev., 2023, 52, 8194
DOI: 10.1039/D3CS00254C

Hydration equilibrium-controlled cation–anion coordination competition for precise recovery of all valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries

Mingqiang Cheng, Juanjian Ru, Shukai Miao, Yixin Hua, Qibo Zhang, Cunying Xu, Zhipeng Zhou, Ding Wang, Wenchao Zhang, Jiexi Wang and Zaiping Guo

Energy Environ. Sci., 2025, 18, 10473
DOI: 10.1039/D5EE05276A

A green and efficient process for the stepwise extraction of Cu, Ni, Co, Mn, and Li from hazardous waste with a novel solvent extraction system of D2EHPA-NNPA

Qiyuan Zheng, Li Zeng, Zuoying Cao, Shengxi Wu, Qinggang Li, Mingyu Wang, Wenjuan Guan and Guiqing Zhang

Green Chem., 2023, 25, 10020
DOI: 10.1039/D3GC03654E

Polystyrene-supported neutral lithium receptor for the recovery of high-purity LiPF6 from simulated degraded electrolyte

Sheng-Yin Huang, Hu Wang, Hugo Celio, Niveen M. Khashab, Zachariah A. Page and Jonathan L. Sessler

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2022, 10, 14788
DOI: 10.1039/D2TA03220A

Repurposing metal containing wastes and mass-produced materials as electrocatalysts for water electrolysis

Hamza Saleem, Monireh Khosravi, Samane Maroufi, Veena Sahajwalla and Anthony P. O'Mullane

Sustainable Energy Fuels, 2022, 6, 4829
DOI: 10.1039/D2SE01068B

Green recycling of spent Li-ion battery cathodes via deep-eutectic solvents

Jingxiu Wang, Yanqiu Lyu, Rong Zeng, Shilin Zhang, Kenneth Davey, Jianfeng Mao and Zaiping Guo

Energy Environ. Sci., 2024, 17, 867
DOI: 10.1039/D3EE02978F

Recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries in view of green chemistry

Yukun Li, Weiguang Lv, Hanlin Huang, Wenyi Yan, Xiaokang Li, Pengge Ning, Hongbin Cao and Zhi Sun

Green Chem., 2021, 23, 6139
DOI: 10.1039/D1GC01639C

Sustainable regeneration of a spent layered lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide cathode from a scrapped lithium-ion battery

Yachao Jin, Xijun Qu, Liyun Ju, Zihao Zhou, Weijian Sun, Li Song and Mingdao Zhang

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2024, 12, 32613
DOI: 10.1039/D4TA05089D

Evaluating the possibilities and limitations of the pyrometallurgical recycling of waste Li-ion batteries using simulation and life cycle assessment

Marja Rinne, Heikki Lappalainen and Mari Lundström

Green Chem., 2025, 27, 2522
DOI: 10.1039/D4GC05409A

Breaking it down: A techno-economic assessment of the impact of battery pack design on disassembly costs

Laura Lander, Chris Tagnon, Viet Nguyen-Tien, Emma Kendrick, Robert J.R. Elliott, Andrew P. Abbott, Jacqueline S. Edge and Gregory J. Offer

Applied Energy, 2023, 331, 120437
DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.120437

A grave-to-cradle analysis of lithium-ion battery cathode materials using material and energy circularity indicators

Minerva Vierunketo, Anna Klemettinen, Markus A. Reuter, Annukka Santasalo-Aarnio and Rodrigo Serna-Guerrero

Journal of Cleaner Production, 2024, 471, 143435
DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.143435

High-Volume Battery Recycling: Technical Review of Challenges and Future Directions

Sheikh Rehman, Maher Al-Greer, Adam S. Burn, Michael Short and Xinjun Cui

Batteries, 2025, 11, 94
DOI: 10.3390/batteries11030094

Recycling spent graphite anodes into a graphite/graphene oxide composite via plasma solution treatment for reuse in lithium-ion batteries

Evgenii V. Beletskii, Vladimir V. Pakalnis, Daniil A. Lukyanov, Dmitrii V. Anishchenko, Alexey I. Volkov and Oleg V. Levin

Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2023, 11, 109234
DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2022.109234

Evaluating cryogenic grinding variables to maximize valuable metal liberation from spent lithium-ion batteries

F. Mulet-Mery, Jorge Uribe, J. Valenzuela-Elgueta and Cristian Serrano

Minerals Engineering, 2025, 223, 109193
DOI: 10.1016/j.mineng.2025.109193

The Influence of Spent Portable Battery Waste on the Aquatic Environment

Irina Smical, Adriana Muntean, Valer Micle and Ioana Monica Sur

Applied Sciences, 2023, 13, 11658
DOI: 10.3390/app132111658

Upscaled Recycling of Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC) Cathode Using an Automated Electrochemical System towards Low-Carbon Utilization of Waste Lithium-Ion Battery (LIB)

Danielle Abigail Clyde, Khai Yang Tan, Wen Jie Yiang, Wen Siong Poh, Jessin Tiu, Jiexiang Wang, Jun-tao Li, Nay Ming Huang, Binghui Chen and Chuan Yi Foo

ACS EST Eng., 2025, 5, 979
DOI: 10.1021/acsestengg.4c00744

Hydrometallurgical process of spent lithium-ion battery recycling Part. 1 Chemical leaching of valuable metals from cathode active materials: Review and case study

Chaehyeon Lee, Dwira Satria Arby, Chanmin Kim, Junghyun Lim, Kyungjung Kwon and Eunhyea Chung

Hydrometallurgy, 2025, 235, 106494
DOI: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106494

A review on recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries

Zsolt Dobó, Truong Dinh and Tibor Kulcsár

Energy Reports, 2023, 9, 6362
DOI: 10.1016/j.egyr.2023.05.264

First Steps Toward Sustainable Circular Uses of Chemicals: Advancing the Assessment and Management Paradigm

Zhanyun Wang and Stefanie Hellweg

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2021, 9, 6939
DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c00243

Sequential separation of cobalt and lithium by sorption: Sorbent set selection

N. Conte, J.M. Gómez, E. Díez, P. Sáez, J.I. Monago, A. Espinosa and A. Rodríguez

Separation and Purification Technology, 2022, 303, 122199
DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122199

A review of cathode and electrolyte recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries: Recent technologies, processes and policies

Songming Zheng, Tao Chen, Yujie Fang, Chang He, Huamei Duan, Shan Ren and Chunbao Charles Xu

Resources Chemicals and Materials, 2024, 3, 188
DOI: 10.1016/j.recm.2024.01.003

In-situ capacity regeneration of degraded lithium-ion batteries using remanufacturing remediator

Yuhang Gao, Han-Ming Zhang and Jinfeng Sun

Energy Storage Materials, 2025, 78, 104248
DOI: 10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104248

Modelling of the Erosive Dissolution of Metal Oxides in a Deep Eutectic Solvent—Choline Chloride/Sulfosalicylic Acid—Assisted by Ultrasonic Cavitation

Oleg M. Gradov, Inna V. Zinov’eva, Yulia A. Zakhodyaeva and Andrey A. Voshkin

Metals, 2021, 11, 1964
DOI: 10.3390/met11121964

Toward Direct Regeneration of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Next-Generation Recycling Method

Junxiong Wang, Jun Ma, Zhaofeng Zhuang, Zheng Liang, Kai Jia, Guanjun Ji, Guangmin Zhou and Hui-Ming Cheng

Chem. Rev., 2024, 124, 2839
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00884

NFT-Based Life Cycle Management for Batteries of e-Cars

Gunnar Prause and Laima Gerlitz

Transport and Telecommunication Journal, 2024, 25, 378
DOI: 10.2478/ttj-2024-0028

Repurposing the porous separator from spent Li-ion batteries towards building quasi-solid-state Na-metal batteries with Na2/3Ni1/3Mn2/3O2 cathode

Shaji Jyothilakshmi, Krishnan Subramanyan, Yun-Sung Lee and Vanchiappan Aravindan

Journal of Power Sources, 2025, 649, 237327
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.237327

Fundamental Investigation of Direct Cathode Regeneration Using Chemically Delithiated Lithium Cobalt Oxides

Md. Sajibul Alam Bhuyan and Hosop Shin

J. Electrochem. Soc., 2022, 169, 110507
DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/ac9d68

A direct electrochemical Li recovery from spent Li-ion battery cathode for high-purity lithium hydroxide feedstock

Yuge Feng, Yoon Park, Shaoyun Hao, Chang Qiu, Shoukun Zhang, Zhou Yu, Zhiwei Fang, Tanguy Terlier, Chase Sellers, Khalid Mateen, Frank Despinois, Moussa Kane, Sibani Lisa Biswal and Haotian Wang

Joule, 2025, 9, 102197
DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2025.102197

Optimized purification methods for metallic contaminant removal from directly recycled Li-ion battery cathodes

Kae Fink, Paul Gasper, Joshua Major, Ryan Brow, Maxwell C. Schulze, Andrew M. Colclasure and Matthew A. Keyser

Front. Chem., 2023, 11
DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1094198

The strategy for comprehensive recovery and utilization of the graphite anode materials from the end-of-life lithium-ion batteries: Urgent status and policies

Xiangdong Zhu, Yiwen Chen, Jin Xiao, Fanghong Xu, Feiyang Su, Zhen Yao, Zhenhua Zhang, Lei Tang and Qifan Zhong

Journal of Energy Storage, 2023, 68, 107798
DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2023.107798

Recycling and application of cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries

Zhenzhong Hu, Guoqing Yang, Xinyu Li, Pengcheng Kong, Mengmeng Zhen and Boxiong Shen

Journal of Energy Storage, 2025, 134, 118099
DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2025.118099

Enhancing EV battery lifecycle management: Robotic disassembly, design for disassembly, and sustainable solutions

Vivek Saxena

Journal of Energy Storage, 2025, 119, 116368
DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2025.116368

Cost-Effective Recycling of Spent Limn2o4 Cathode Via a Chemical Lithiation Strategy

Chen Wu, Mingli Xu, Lang Ye, Chengyi Zhang, Hengjiang Cong, Kanglong Zhang, Lin Zhuang, Xinping Ai, Hanxi Yang and Jiangfeng Qian

SSRN Journal, 2022
DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4118510

Discharge of lithium-ion batteries in salt solutions for safer storage, transport, and resource recovery

Mohammad Mahdi Torabian, Milad Jafari and Alireza Bazargan

Waste Manag Res, 2022, 40, 402
DOI: 10.1177/0734242X211022658

Charged Viruses as Programmable Charge Carriers for Sustainable Batteries and Supercapacitors: A Perspective

Guo-Ming Weng

Glob. Environ. Eng., 2026, 13, 1
DOI: 10.15377/2410-3624.2026.13.1

Technology needs for realizing a circular battery supply chain

Laurent Pilon, Julia E. Greenwald, Sean Vail, Ray Duthu and Jacob Tidwell

Journal of Power Sources, 2026, 662, 238705
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.238705

Identification of Electrolyte Salts in Lithium‐Ion Battery Black Mass

Bastian Hansel, Konrad Burkmann, Bianca Störr, Carsten Pätzold, Florian Mertens and Martin Bertau

Chemie Ingenieur Technik, 2025, 97, 299
DOI: 10.1002/cite.202400121

Battery innovation and the Circular Economy: What are patents revealing?

Philipp Metzger, Sandro Mendonça, José A. Silva and Bruno Damásio

Renewable Energy, 2023, 209, 516
DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2023.03.132

Methodology to quantify the recyclability of design alternatives for highly integrated technical products applied to lithium-ion batteries

S. Hansen, F. Vysoudil, A. Dlugosch, J. Riech, M. Mennenga, S. Blömeke, T. Vietor and C. Herrmann

CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology, 2026, 65, 207
DOI: 10.1016/j.cirpj.2026.01.003

Recovery of valuable metals from the hydrochloric leaching solution of reduction smelted metallic alloys from spent lithium‐ion batteries

Thanh Tuan Tran, Hyun Seung Moon and Man Seung Lee

J of Chemical Tech & Biotech, 2022, 97, 1247
DOI: 10.1002/jctb.7019

Green recycling of spent Li-ion batteries by deep eutectic solvents (DESs): Leaching mechanism and effect of ternary DES

Mohammad Jafari, Sied Ziaedin Shafaie, Hadi Abdollahi and Ali Entezari-Zarandi

Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2022, 10, 109014
DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2022.109014

Targeted regeneration and upcycling of spent graphite by defect‐driven tin nucleation

Zhiheng Cheng, Zhiling Luo, Hao Zhang, Wuxing Zhang, Wang Gao, Yang Zhang, Long Qie, Yonggang Yao, Yunhui Huang and Kun Kelvin Fu

Carbon Energy, 2024, 6
DOI: 10.1002/cey2.395

Deep eutectic solvents: Physico-chemical properties and their use for recovery of metal values from waste products

Pratyasha Panda and Sujata Mishra

Journal of Molecular Liquids, 2023, 390, 123070
DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.123070

Disassembly technologies of end-of-life automotive battery packs as the cornerstone for a circular battery value chain: A process-oriented analysis

Max Rettenmeier, Mauritz Möller and Alexander Sauer

Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2024, 209, 107786
DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.107786

Advances in lithium-ion battery recycling: Strategies, pathways, and technologies

Ziwei Tong, Mingyue Wang, Zhongchao Bai, Huijun Li and Nana Wang

ChemPhysMater, 2025, 4, 30
DOI: 10.1016/j.chphma.2024.05.005

A Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling: Technologies, Sustainability, and Open Issues

Alessandra Zanoletti, Eleonora Carena, Chiara Ferrara and Elza Bontempi

Batteries, 2024, 10, 38
DOI: 10.3390/batteries10010038

Prediction of Battery Return Volumes for 3R: Remanufacturing, Reuse, and Recycling

Achim Kampker, Heiner Hans Heimes, Christian Offermanns, Merlin Frank, Domenic Klohs and Khanh Nguyen

Energies, 2023, 16, 6873
DOI: 10.3390/en16196873

Environmental impact on electric vehicle: A cradle-to-cradle approach for various vehicle technologies toward sustainable transportation

Muhammad Idris, Iwa Garniwa, Tri Edhi Budhi Soesilo and Suyud Warno Utomo

Int. J. Renew. Energy Dev., 2026, 15, 333
DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2026.61174

Lithium-ion battery second life: pathways, challenges and outlook

Anisha N. Patel, Laura Lander, Jyoti Ahuja, James Bulman, James K. H. Lum, Julian O. D. Pople, Alastair Hales, Yatish Patel and Jacqueline S. Edge

Front. Chem., 2024, 12
DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1358417

Towards the lithium-ion battery production network: Thinking beyond mineral supply chains

Gavin Bridge and Erika Faigen

Energy Research & Social Science, 2022, 89, 102659
DOI: 10.1016/j.erss.2022.102659

The Effects of Phosphate Impurity on Recovered LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 Cathode Material via a Hydrometallurgy Method

Yadong Zheng, Luqman Azhari, Zifei Meng, Guanhui Gao, Yimo Han, Zhenzhen Yang and Yan Wang

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2022, 14, 48627
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12715

The Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Trilemma: Bridging the Gap Between Material Science, Economic Reality, and Regulatory Policy

Qi Zhang

Materials, 2026, 19, 1235
DOI: 10.3390/ma19061235

Implementation of a sub-and supercritical carbon dioxide process for the selective recycling of the electrolyte from spent Li-ion battery

Nils Zachmann, Robert V. Fox, Martina Petranikova and Burçak Ebin

Journal of CO2 Utilization, 2024, 81, 102703
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2024.102703

Supercapacitors and rechargeable batteries, a tale of two technologies: Past, present and beyond

R.K. Azega, Anderson David Smith, Niladri Roy Chowdhury, Agin Vyas, Qi Li, Mazharul Haque, Qian Xun, Xiaoyan Zhang, Shameel Thurakkal, Torbjörn Thiringer, Peter Enoksson and Per Lundgren

Sustainable Materials and Technologies, 2024, 41, e01111
DOI: 10.1016/j.susmat.2024.e01111

Influence of Cell Opening Methods on Electrolyte Removal during Processing in Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling

Denis Manuel Werner, Thomas Mütze and Urs Alexander Peuker

Metals, 2022, 12, 663
DOI: 10.3390/met12040663

Comparative Analysis of Cell Design: Form Factor and Electrode Architectures in Advanced Lithium-Ion Batteries

Khaled Mekdour, Anil Kumar Madikere Raghunatha Reddy, Jeremy I. G. Dawkins, Thiago M. Guimaraes Selva and Karim Zaghib

Batteries, 2025, 11, 450
DOI: 10.3390/batteries11120450

Battery Recycling Challenge Looms as Electric Vehicle Business Booms

Sean O'Neill

Engineering, 2021, 7, 1657
DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2021.11.009

Challenges and limitations of lithium oxide electrodes for electrochemical lithium-aluminum separation

R. Casasola, A. Fombona-Pascual, E. García-Quismondo, J. Palma and J.J. Lado

Separation and Purification Technology, 2025, 374, 133621
DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2025.133621

Efficient Recovery of Lithium and Cobalt from Spent LCO Using Mechanochemical Activation and Ammoniacal Leaching

Bagdatgul Milikhat, Aisulu Batkal, Kaster Kamunur, Lyazzat Mussapyrova, Yerzhan Mukanov and Rashid Nadirov

Processes, 2025, 13, 3345
DOI: 10.3390/pr13103345

Sustainable Hydrometallurgical LFP Battery Recycling: Electrochemical Approaches

Cody B. Van Beek, Eda Yilmaz and Devin H. A. Boom

ChemSusChem, 2025, 18
DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202402699

A review of research in the Li-ion battery production and reverse supply chains

Nowsheen Sharmili, Rakesh Nagi and Pingfeng Wang

Journal of Energy Storage, 2023, 68, 107622
DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2023.107622

CVD-coated carbon xerogels for negative electrodes of Na-ion batteries

Berke Karaman, Hélène Tonnoir, Da Huo, Bryan Carré, Alexandre F. Léonard, Jimena Castro Gutiérrez, Marie-Laure Piedboeuf, Alain Celzard, Vanessa Fierro, Carine Davoisne, Raphaël Janot and Nathalie Job

Carbon, 2024, 225, 119077
DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2024.119077

The sustainable materials roadmap

Magda Titirici, Sterling G Baird, Taylor D Sparks, Shirley Min Yang, Agnieszka Brandt-Talbot, Omid Hosseinaei, David P Harper, Richard M Parker, Silvia Vignolini, Lars A Berglund, Yuanyuan Li, Huai-Ling Gao, Li-Bo Mao, Shu-Hong Yu, Noel Díez, Guillermo A Ferrero, Marta Sevilla, Petra Ágota Szilágyi, Connor J Stubbs, Joshua C Worch, Yunping Huang, Christine K Luscombe, Koon-Yang Lee, Hui Luo, M J Platts, Devendra Tiwari, Dmitry Kovalevskiy, David J Fermin, Heather Au, Hande Alptekin, Maria Crespo-Ribadeneyra, Valeska P Ting, Tim-Patrick Fellinger, Jesús Barrio, Olivia Westhead, Claudie Roy, Ifan E L Stephens, Sabina Alexandra Nicolae, Saurav Ch Sarma, Rose P Oates, Chen-Gang Wang, Zibiao Li, Xian Jun Loh, Rupert J Myers, Niko Heeren, Alice Grégoire, Clément Périssé, Xiaoying Zhao, Yael Vodovotz, Becky Earley, Göran Finnveden, Anna Björklund, Gavin D J Harper, Allan Walton and Paul A Anderson

J. Phys. Mater., 2022, 5, 032001
DOI: 10.1088/2515-7639/ac4ee5

Environmental Impact Assessment of LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 Hydrometallurgical Cathode Recycling from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Maider Iturrondobeitia, Claudia Vallejo, Maria Berroci, Ortzi Akizu-Gardoki, Rikardo Minguez and Erlantz Lizundia

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2022, 10, 9798
DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c01496

Supporting a Lithium Circular Economy via Reverse Logistics: Improving the Preprocessing Stage of the Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Supply Chain

Oluwatosin S. Atitebi, Kalpana Dumre and Erick C. Jones

Energies, 2025, 18, 651
DOI: 10.3390/en18030651

End-of-life of renewable energy technologies in urban environments. A state-of-the-art on installation trends, materials, and best practices in the EU

Marilena De Simone, Daniele Campagna, Luisa F. Cabeza, Rocío Pineda-Martos, Paulo Santos, Janez Turk, Viorel Ungureanu and Gabriel Zsembinszki

Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 2025, 82, 104564
DOI: 10.1016/j.seta.2025.104564

Synergy between Electric Vehicle Manufacturers and Battery Recyclers through Technology and Innovation: A Game Theory Approach

Shuang Yao, Leke Wu and Donghua Yu

Sustainability, 2023, 15, 13726
DOI: 10.3390/su151813726

Sustainable Strategies for the Recycling of Sodium‐Ion Battery Cathodes Using Organic Acids

Judith Sabata Mas, Albert Martínez‐Torrents, Irene Jubany, Mònica Reig, César Valderrama and Frederic Clarens

Battery Energy, 2026, 5
DOI: 10.1002/bte2.70082

Emerging Trends and Future Opportunities for Battery Recycling

Jarom G. Sederholm, Lin Li, Zheng Liu, Kai-Wei Lan, En Ju Cho, Yashraj Gurumukhi, Mohammed Jubair Dipto, Alexander Ahmari, Jin Yu, Megan Haynes, Nenad Miljkovic, Nicola H. Perry, Pingfeng Wang, Paul V. Braun and Marta C. Hatzell

ACS Energy Lett., 2025, 10, 107
DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.4c02198

Effect of Thermal Abuse Conditions on Thermal Runaway of NCA 18650 Cylindrical Lithium-Ion Battery

Minkyu Jeon, Eunsong Lee, Hyunwook Park, Hongsik Yoon and Sangin Keel

Batteries, 2022, 8, 196
DOI: 10.3390/batteries8100196

Recycling of Lithium Iron Phosphate Cathode Materials from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Mini-Review

Devishree Saju, James Ebenezer, Nikhil Chandran and Naveen Chandrasekaran

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2023, 62, 11768
DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.3c01208

Design for automated disassembly: a comparative study of different battery component designs

S. Hansen, G. Ohnemüller, Christina Ionescu, Merle Zorn, Jan-Aut Deeken, Tom Rüther, Mark Mennenga, Michael A. Danzer, Sabine Flamme, Thomas Vietor, Christoph Herrmann and Frank Döpper

International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, 2025, 18
DOI: 10.1080/19397038.2025.2504388

Second‐Life Application of Electric Vehicle Batteries: Electrode Deterioration, Automated Disassembly, Second‐Life Extension, and Applications

Joseph Jegan Roy, Vivek Verma and Madhavi Srinivasan

ChemSusChem, 2026, 19
DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202500845

Electrolytic recovery of metals from lithium battery cathodes in moisture-tolerant molten hydroxide salt

Timothy Lichtenstein, Jarrod Gesualdi, Sarah A. Stariha and Colin E. Moore

Electrochimica Acta, 2024, 503, 144866
DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2024.144866

Recyclable Li‐Metal Battery Electrolytes via In Situ Cyclic Carbonate Polymerization

Hui Gao, Victor Riesgo‐Gonzalez, James R. Runge, Kanyapat Yiamsawat, Dominic Spencer‐Jolly, Thomas M. McGuire, Gregory J. Rees, Xiangwen Gao, Bingkun Hu, Shengming Zhang, Longlong Wang, Peter G. Bruce, Georgina L. Gregory and Charlotte K. Williams

Advanced Science, 2025, 12
DOI: 10.1002/advs.202504206

Trends in Automotive Battery Cell Design: A Statistical Analysis of Empirical Data

Steffen Link, Christoph Neef and Tim Wicke

Batteries, 2023, 9, 261
DOI: 10.3390/batteries9050261

Cold Sintering Enables the Reprocessing of LLZO‐Based Composites

Yi‐Chen Lan, Masoud Ghasemi, Shelby L. Hall, Ryan A. Fair, Christina Maranas, Rui Shi and Enrique D. Gomez

ChemSusChem, 2024, 17
DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301920

Robotic Disassembly of Electric Vehicles’ Battery Modules for Recycling

Ian Kay, Siamak Farhad, Ajay Mahajan, Roja Esmaeeli and Sayed Reza Hashemi

Energies, 2022, 15, 4856
DOI: 10.3390/en15134856

How the external environment affects the equilibrium decisions and profits of battery and EV manufacturers?

Senlin Zhao, Hongchen Liu, Qin Zhou and Xiqiang Xia

Journal of Cleaner Production, 2024, 434, 139838
DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.139838

Circular Economy and the Fate of Lithium Batteries: Second Life and Recycling

Chiara Ferrara, Riccardo Ruffo, Eliana Quartarone and Piercarlo Mustarelli

Adv Energy and Sustain Res, 2021, 2
DOI: 10.1002/aesr.202100047

The role of new energy vehicles battery recycling in reducing China's import dependance on lithium resources

Bingchun Liu and Fan Liu

Energy & Environment, 2026, 37, 1190
DOI: 10.1177/0958305X241256035

An overview of global power lithium-ion batteries and associated critical metal recycling

Youping Miao, Lili Liu, Yuping Zhang, Quanyin Tan and Jinhui Li

Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2022, 425, 127900
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127900

Direct recycling for advancing sustainable battery solutions

Ta-Wei Wang, Tengxiao Liu and Hongtao Sun

Materials Today Energy, 2023, 38, 101434
DOI: 10.1016/j.mtener.2023.101434

A New Route for the Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries Towards Advanced Energy Storage, Conversion and Harvesting Systems

Subramanian Natarajan, Karthikeyan Krishnamoorthy, Arunprasath Sathyaseelan, Vimal Kumar Mariappan, Parthiban Pazhamalai, Sindhuja Manoharan and Sang-Jae Kim

SSRN Journal, 2022
DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4007861

Selective recovery of cobalt from mixed lithium ion battery wastes using deep eutectic solvent

Pier Giorgio Schiavi, Pietro Altimari, Mario Branchi, Robertino Zanoni, Giulia Simonetti, Maria Assunta Navarra and Francesca Pagnanelli

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2021, 417, 129249
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.129249

Battery health management—a perspective of design, optimization, manufacturing, fault detection, and recycling

Pavel M. Roy, Harsh H. Sawant, Pratik P. Shelar, Prashil U. Sarode and S.H. Gawande

Energy Storage and Saving, 2024, 3, 190
DOI: 10.1016/j.enss.2024.04.001

Designer Anions for Better Rechargeable Lithium Batteries and Beyond

Ziyu Song, Xingxing Wang, Wenfang Feng, Michel Armand, Zhibin Zhou and Heng Zhang

Advanced Materials, 2024, 36
DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310245

Towards to Battery Digital Passport: Reviewing Regulations and Standards for Second-Life Batteries

Carlos Antônio Rufino Júnior, Eleonora Riva Sanseverino, Pierluigi Gallo, Daniel Koch, Sergej Diel, Gero Walter, Lluís Trilla, Víctor J. Ferreira, Gabriela Benveniste Pérez, Yash Kotak, Josh Eichman, Hans-Georg Schweiger and Hudson Zanin

Batteries, 2024, 10, 115
DOI: 10.3390/batteries10040115

Enabling Future Closed‐Loop Recycling of Spent Lithium‐Ion Batteries: Direct Cathode Regeneration

Tingzhou Yang, Dan Luo, Aiping Yu and Zhongwei Chen

Advanced Materials, 2023, 35
DOI: 10.1002/adma.202203218

Ionic Liquids and Electrolytes with Flexible Aromatic Anions

Mukhtiar Ahmed, Sourav Bhowmick, Andrei Filippov, Patrik Johansson and Faiz Ullah Shah

Chemistry A European J, 2023, 29
DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301000

Reprocessable and Recyclable Polymer Network Electrolytes via Incorporation of Dynamic Covalent Bonds

Yangju Lin, Yuelang Chen, Zhiao Yu, Zhuojun Huang, Jian-Cheng Lai, Jeffrey B.-H. Tok, Yi Cui and Zhenan Bao

Chem. Mater., 2022, 34, 2393
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.1c04396

Efficient Direct Cathode Regeneration for Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries via Planetary Centrifugal Mixing and Eutectic Salts

Mahmudul Hoq, Dawoon Jang, Mazedur Rahman, Junwei Yep, Jung-Hyun Kim and Hosop Shin

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2025, 13, 15269
DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.5c02632

Sustainable Extraction of Critical Minerals from Waste Batteries: A Green Solvent Approach in Resource Recovery

Afzal Ahmed Dar, Zhi Chen, Gaixia Zhang, Jinguang Hu, Karim Zaghib, Sixu Deng, Xiaolei Wang, Fariborz Haghighat, Catherine N. Mulligan, Chunjiang An, Antonio Avalos Ramirez and Shuhui Sun

Batteries, 2025, 11, 51
DOI: 10.3390/batteries11020051

Lithium and cobalt recovery from petroleum produced water using dolomite: impact of pH, temperature, and surface area

Marwa Elshebli, Javier Vilcáez and James Smay

Science of The Total Environment, 2025, 1003, 180743
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180743

Development of a body of knowledge for design for disassembly and recycling of high-tech products: a case study on lithium-ion batteries

Shady El Jalbout and Samira Keivanpour

Journal of Industrial and Production Engineering, 2024, 41, 19
DOI: 10.1080/21681015.2023.2262467

A comprehensive review and classification of unit operations with assessment of outputs quality in lithium-ion battery recycling

Dario Latini, Marco Vaccari, Marco Lagnoni, Martina Orefice, Fabrice Mathieux, Jaco Huisman, Leonardo Tognotti and Antonio Bertei

Journal of Power Sources, 2022, 546, 231979
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2022.231979

Design guidelines for secondary lithium-ion battery electrodes to overcome performance limitations of recycled cathode materials

Marco Lagnoni, Dario Latini, Cristiano Nicolella, Leonardo Tognotti and Antonio Bertei

Journal of Energy Storage, 2022, 50, 104237
DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2022.104237

Assessing performance in lithium-ion batteries recycling processes: A quantitative modeling perspective

Marco Vaccari, Filippo Parlanti, Fabio M. Manni, Martina Orefice, Fabrice Mathieux, Gabriele Pannocchia, Leonardo Tognotti and Antonio Bertei

Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2024, 206, 107643
DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.107643

Advancing sustainable energy through battery repurposing and micro recycling

Y. Alex, Nidhin Divakaran, Parthasarathy Srinivasan, U.T. Uthappa, Suhail Mubarak, Mamdouh Al-Harthi and Duraisami Dhamodharan

Journal of Energy Storage, 2026, 141, 119317
DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2025.119317

Scalable Solvent-Based Fabrication of Thermo-Responsive Polymer Nanocomposites for Battery Safety Regulation

Mingqian Li, Panpan Xu, Suk-woo Lee, Bum-young Jung and Zheng Chen

J. Electrochem. Soc., 2021, 168, 080507
DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/ac18e5

Modeling, Simulation, and Techno-Economic Assessment of a Spent Li-Ion Battery Recycling Plant

Árpád Imre-Lucaci, Florica Imre-Lucaci and Szabolcs Fogarasi

Materials, 2025, 18, 3715
DOI: 10.3390/ma18153715

Review on the recycling of anode graphite from waste lithium-ion batteries

Md Shariful Islam, Amanendra K. Kushwaha and Manoranjan Misra

J Mater Cycles Waste Manag, 2024, 26, 3341
DOI: 10.1007/s10163-024-02093-4

Recycling lithium-ion batteries: A review of current status and future directions

Martin C. Etude, Alexander I. Ikeuba, Chigoziri N. Njoku, Emmanuel Yakubu, Henry C. Uzoma, Chukwuebuka E. Mgbemere and Daniel I. Udunwa

Sustainable Chemistry One World, 2024, 4, 100027
DOI: 10.1016/j.scowo.2024.100027

Novel methods and approaches for supercapacitor separator using waste newspaper

Min Jun Lee, Chae Min Han, Hyun Woo Hong, Jihyuk Jung and Kwang Se Lee

J Chinese Chemical Soc, 2026, 73, 55
DOI: 10.1002/jccs.70124

Challenges and Innovations of Lithium-Ion Battery Thermal Management Under Extreme Conditions: A Review

Siyi Liu, Guangsheng Zhang and Chao-Yang Wang

ASME Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2023, 145
DOI: 10.1115/1.4056823

Recycling cathode materials of spent lithium-ion batteries for advanced catalysts production

Yafei Shen

Journal of Power Sources, 2022, 528, 231220
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2022.231220

Ionic liquids-mediated recovery of metals from spent batteries

Ruiyong Chen

Journal of Ionic Liquids, 2023, 3, 100070
DOI: 10.1016/j.jil.2023.100070

Optimizing dismantling approaches for recycling of li-ion batteries: Strategies, challenges and economic analysis

Touseef Younas, Hossein Shalchian, Misbah Ullah, Francesco Vegliò and Valentina Innocenzi

Journal of Energy Storage, 2025, 132, 117918
DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2025.117918

Transportation of electric vehicle lithium-ion batteries at end-of-life: A literature review

Margaret Slattery, Jessica Dunn and Alissa Kendall

Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2021, 174, 105755
DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105755

Systematic Review of Battery Life Cycle Management: A Framework for European Regulation Compliance

Mattia Gianvincenzi, Marco Marconi, Enrico Maria Mosconi, Claudio Favi and Francesco Tola

Sustainability, 2024, 16, 10026
DOI: 10.3390/su162210026

Raspberry-like micro-size polymer with high spherical shape-retention capability and adhesion as binder for ceramic separators

Hui Luo, Sainan Ma, Jun Liu, Yingwu Luo and Xiang Gao

European Polymer Journal, 2023, 194, 112184
DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.112184

Unlocking the Potential of Electrolyte Recovery from Battery Waste: A Promising Path to Sustainable and Safe Li‐Ion Batteries

Palanivel Molaiyan, Hossein Rostami, Karuppasamy Karuppasamy, Varsha Srivastava and Ulla Lassi

Batteries & Supercaps, 2026, 9
DOI: 10.1002/batt.202500545

Recovering Critical Metal Ions from Battery Wastes: A Brief Review

Hyo Jung Kim, Cheol Lee, Won Seok Chang, Go Gi Lee and Jong Suk Lee

membr. J., 2024, 34, 1
DOI: 10.14579/MEMBRANE_JOURNAL.2024.34.1.1

Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling in the Circular Economy: A Review

Md Tasbirul Islam and Usha Iyer-Raniga

Recycling, 2022, 7, 33
DOI: 10.3390/recycling7030033

Recycling of Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) Batteries from the End Product Quality Perspective

Deise F. Barbosa de Mattos, Simon Duda and Martina Petranikova

Batteries, 2025, 11, 33
DOI: 10.3390/batteries11010033

Recycling of value-added products from spent lithium-ion batteries for oxygen reduction and methanol oxidation reactions

Keyru Serbara Bejigo, Subramanian Natarajan, Kousik Bhunia, Vijayakumar Elumalai and Sang-Jae Kim

Journal of Cleaner Production, 2023, 384, 135520
DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.135520

Automated Battery Disassembly—Examination of the Product- and Process-Related Challenges for Automotive Traction Batteries

Domenic Klohs, Christian Offermanns, Heiner Heimes and Achim Kampker

Recycling, 2023, 8, 89
DOI: 10.3390/recycling8060089

Sustainable management strategies for spent Li-ion batteries: cascade utilization, recycling, and regeneration

Ning Cao, Yang Zhang, Longfei Du, Xin Gu and Mingbo Wu

Energy Storage Materials, 2026, 84, 104823
DOI: 10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104823

Deciphering stakeholder strategies in electric vehicle battery recycling: Insights from a tripartite evolutionary game and system dynamics

Shuai Nie, Guotian Cai, Yuping Huang and Jiaxin He

Journal of Cleaner Production, 2024, 452, 142174
DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.142174

Recycling cathode material LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2 by leaching with a deep eutectic solvent and metal recovery with antisolvent crystallization

Chunyan Ma, Michael Svärd and Kerstin Forsberg

Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2022, 186, 106579
DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106579

Opportunities, Challenges and Prospects for Electrodeposition of Thin-Film Functional Layers in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Technology

Elena Kalinina and Elena Pikalova

Materials, 2021, 14, 5584
DOI: 10.3390/ma14195584

Lithium Ion Batteries: Characteristics, Recycling and Deep‐Sea Mining

Samrudh Devanahalli Bokkassam and Jegatha Nambi Krishnan

Battery Energy, 2024, 3
DOI: 10.1002/bte2.20240022

Removal and Replacement of Portable Batteries and Batteries Used in Light Means of Transport: which Criteria are the Most Appropriate for policies?

Chiara Magrini and Christoforos Spiliotopoulos

Circ.Econ.Sust., 2026, 6
DOI: 10.1007/s43615-026-00779-5

Recovery of cobalt from spent lithium-ion battery cathode materials by using choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvent

Honghao Yu, Shaomian Wang, Yin Li, Qian Qiao, Kun Wang and Xin Li

Green Processing and Synthesis, 2022, 11, 868
DOI: 10.1515/gps-2022-0073

Pretreatment options for the recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries: A comprehensive review

Dawei Yu, Zhu Huang, Brian Makuza, Xueyi Guo and Qinghua Tian

Minerals Engineering, 2021, 173, 107218
DOI: 10.1016/j.mineng.2021.107218

Upcycling secondary nickel from spent nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC) batteries as a nanocatalyst on sulfated natural zeolite for converting LDPE plastic waste into jet-fuel hydrocarbons

Adyatma Bhagaskara, Karna Wijaya, Wega Trisunaryanti, Dita Adi Saputra, Agustanhankri Agustanhakri, Galih Taqwatomo, Oka Pradipta Arjasa, Abdul Hamid Budiman and Mahendra Anggaravidya

Next Materials, 2025, 9, 101107
DOI: 10.1016/j.nxmate.2025.101107

Poly(m-phenylenediamine) based nanocomposite as high-performance biofuel cell electrode for renewable energy generation using environmentally friendly and biocompatible materials

Mohammad Luqman, Saeed Alqaed, Fahad Awjah Almehmadi, Nimra Shakeel, Mohd Imran Ahamed, Rayed S. Alshareef, Ali E.I. Elkhalifah and Mathkar A. Alharthi

Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 2024, 962, 118265
DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2024.118265

Porous Carbons Derived from Desiliconized Rice Husk Char and Their Applications as an Adsorbent in Multivalent Ions Recycling for Spent Battery

Yating Sun, Geng Su, Zhaocai He, Yuan Wei, Jinbo Hu, Huaifei Liu, Gonggang Liu and Jianqiang Liu

Journal of Chemistry, 2022, 2022, 1
DOI: 10.1155/2022/8225088

The application of deep eutectic solvents in lithium-ion battery recycling: A comprehensive review

Ahui Zhu, Xinyu Bian, Weijiang Han, Dianxue Cao, Yong Wen, Kai Zhu and Shubin Wang

Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2023, 188, 106690
DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106690

Upcycle for enhanced performance

Gavin D. J. Harper

Nat Sustain, 2023, 6, 725
DOI: 10.1038/s41893-023-01090-z

Critical metal extraction from spent battery cathodes and anticipated developments using next generation green solvents for achieving a net-zero future

Madhusmita Dash, Abhayjeet Kumar Dubey, Tushar Choudhary, Yong Liu, Himansu Sekhar Nanda and Soobhankar Pati

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2025, 507, 160324
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2025.160324

Quantifying the energy withdrawn from the lithium-ion battery during electrochemical discharge

Hassan Rouhi, Rodrigo Serna-Guerrero and Annukka Santasalo-Aarnio

Next Energy, 2025, 8, 100309
DOI: 10.1016/j.nxener.2025.100309

Comparative Analysis via CFD Simulation on the Impact of Graphite Anode Morphologies on the Discharge of a Lithium-Ion Battery

Alessio Lombardo Pontillo, Agnese Marcato, Daniele Versaci, Daniele Marchisio and Gianluca Boccardo

Batteries, 2025, 11, 252
DOI: 10.3390/batteries11070252

A Review of Fire and Explosion Hazards in Sustainable Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Industries

Dejian Wu

Fire, 2026, 9, 76
DOI: 10.3390/fire9020076

Recycling Hazardous and Valuable Electrolyte in Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: Urgency, Progress, Challenge, and Viable Approach

Bo Niu, Zhenming Xu, Jiefeng Xiao and Yufei Qin

Chem. Rev., 2023, 123, 8718
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00174

Green upcycling of spent Li-ion battery cathode via transient thermal defluorination

Beikai Zhang, Duanmei Song, Lanbin Wang, Jiadong Yu and Jinhui Li

Energy Storage Materials, 2025, 81, 104542
DOI: 10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104542

Improved recovery of cathode materials and enhanced lithium selective extraction from spent LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 batteries via CaCl2-assisted microwave roasting

Xiangyang Zhu, Chuan Chen, Qing Guo, Mingzhe Liu, Yuping Zhang, Zhi Sun, Liangqu Huang and Huawei Song

Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2024, 12, 112037
DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2024.112037

Electrification of go-kart with second-life lithium-ion batteries: Performance analysis and optimisation

Ushveer Ramasir, Stefan van Aardt, Farouk Smith, Shahrokh Hatefi, Akshay Lakhani, W. du Preez, T. Dzogbewu, D. Tshwane, H. Chauke, G. ter Haar, L. Tshabalala, J. van der Walt, H. Bissett, T. Becker, H. van der Merwe, J. Moema, N. Botha, C. Fisher, H. Wang and R. Diale

MATEC Web Conf., 2025, 417, 08005
DOI: 10.1051/matecconf/202541708005

Circular economy conceptualization for lithium-ion batteries- material procurement and disposal process

Megha Goyal, Kulwant Singh and Nitu Bhatnagar

Chemical Engineering Science, 2023, 281, 119080
DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2023.119080

Ionic liquids-mediated technologies for metals recycling from lithium-ion battery cathode materials: A comprehensive review

Jasmina Mušović, Slađana Marić, Ana Jocić and Aleksandra Dimitrijević

Separation and Purification Technology, 2025, 376, 134090
DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2025.134090

Optimization of dry grinding conditions for critical metal recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries using response surface methodology

F. Mulet-Mery, J. Valenzuela-Elgueta and M. Maleki

Minerals Engineering, 2026, 237, 110019
DOI: 10.1016/j.mineng.2025.110019

Sequential Separation of Cobalt and Lithium by Sorption: Sorbent Set Selection

Naby Conte, José M. Gómez, Eduardo Díez, Patricia Sáez, Jose Ignacio Monago, Anna Espinosa and Araceli Rodríguez

SSRN Journal, 2022
DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4163785

Sulfur-Doped Graphene as a Rational Anode for an Ionic Liquid Based Hybrid Capacitor with a 3.5 V Working Window

Navajsharif S. Shaikh, Vaibhav C. Lokhande, Pimsuda Pansa-Ngat, Shivaji Ubale, Jasmin S. Shaikh, Supareak Praserthdam, Sandip R. Sabale, Chandrakant D Lokhande, Taeksoo Ji and Pongsakorn Kanjanaboos

Energy Fuels, 2022, 36, 2799
DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.1c03625

Transforming the Supply Chain Operations of Electric Vehicles’ Batteries Using an Optimization Approach

Ghadeer Alsanie, Syeda Taj Unnisa and Nada Hamad Al Hamad

Sustainability, 2025, 18, 367
DOI: 10.3390/su18010367

Trends of sustainable recycling technology for lithium‐ion batteries: Metal recovery from conventional metallurgical processes to innovative direct recycling

Yongteng Dong, Haocheng Ji, Xiaoxue Wu, Nengzhan Zheng, Junxiong Wang, Guanjun Ji, Yuanmao Chen, Guangmin Zhou and Zheng Liang

MetalMat, 2024, 1
DOI: 10.1002/metm.5

A study on recovery strategies of graphite from mixed lithium-ion battery chemistries using froth flotation

Hanna Sahivirta, Benjamin P. Wilson, Mari Lundström and Rodrigo Serna-Guerrero

Waste Management, 2024, 180, 96
DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.03.032

A Perspective on the Challenges and Prospects of Realizing the Second Life of Retired EV Batteries

Prodip K. Das

Batteries, 2025, 11, 176
DOI: 10.3390/batteries11050176

Selection of optimal lithium ion battery recycling process: A multi-criteria group decision making approach

Sayanta Chakraborty and Apu Kumar Saha

Journal of Energy Storage, 2022, 55, 105557
DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2022.105557

Regeneration of spent lithium-ion battery materials

Jianfeng Wan, Jianan Lyu, Wenyan Bi, Qiang Zhou, Pengxun Li, Haiyan Li and Yingjie Li

Journal of Energy Storage, 2022, 51, 104470
DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2022.104470

Recycling of lithium iron phosphate batteries: Status, technologies, challenges, and prospects

Mengmeng Wang, Kang Liu, Shanta Dutta, Daniel S. Alessi, Jörg Rinklebe, Yong Sik Ok and Daniel C.W. Tsang

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2022, 163, 112515
DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2022.112515

Sustainable Direct Recycling of Spent Lithium‐Ion Batteries: Closed‐Loop Regeneration and AI‐Optimized Systems Toward Next‐Generation Battery Circular Economy

Tianran Liang, Yi Chen, Jing Xu and Yang Jin

Batteries & Supercaps, 2026, 9
DOI: 10.1002/batt.202500536

Circular product design: strategies, challenges and relationships with new product development

Marina Fernandes Aguiar, Jaime A. Mesa, Daniel Jugend, Marco Antonio Paula Pinheiro and Paula De Camargo Fiorini

MEQ, 2022, 33, 300
DOI: 10.1108/MEQ-06-2021-0125

Method for Recycling Lithium-Ion Batteries with the Extraction of Valuable Components

A. S. Melnikova and N. V. Kostryukova

Safety of Technogenic and Natural Systems, 2024, 7
DOI: 10.23947/2541-9129-2024-8-4-7-15

Upcycling Real Waste Mixed Lithium-Ion Batteries by Simultaneous Production of rGO and Lithium-Manganese-Rich Cathode Material

Pier Giorgio Schiavi, Robertino Zanoni, Mario Branchi, Camilla Marcucci, Corrado Zamparelli, Pietro Altimari, Maria Assunta Navarra and Francesca Pagnanelli

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2021, 9, 13303
DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c04690

A Squaramide-Crown Ether-Based Receptor and Polymer for Enhanced Lithium Chloride Extraction

Damian Jagleniec, Aleksandra Kopeć, Łukasz Dobrzycki and Jan Romański

Inorg. Chem., 2024, 63, 24797
DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c04127

Combining Morphological and Techno-Economic Analysis: Evaluating the Impact of Battery Pack Design on Recycling

Finn-Augustin Brunnenkant, Rebecca Reinmoser, Kilian Sagner, Daniel Schneider and Michael F. Zaeh

Procedia CIRP, 2025, 136, 832
DOI: 10.1016/j.procir.2025.08.142

Application and limitations of batteries and hydrogen in heavy haul rail using Australian case studies

Ruth Knibbe, Damien Harding, Emily Cooper, Jonathan Burton, Sheng Liu, Zhila Amirzadeh, Roger Buckley and Paul A. Meehan

Journal of Energy Storage, 2022, 56, 105813
DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2022.105813

Design from recycling: Overcoming barriers in regranulate use in a circular economy

Martina Seier, Julia Roitner, Vasiliki-Maria Archodoulaki and Mitchell P. Jones

Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2023, 196, 107052
DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107052

Towards Integration of Ni-Slag Cleaning Process and Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling for an Efficient Recovery of Valuable Metals

Anna Klemettinen, Lassi Klemettinen, Tommi Rinne, Hugh O’Brien, Ari Jokilaakso and Rodrigo Serna-Guerrero

Metall Mater Trans B, 2024, 55, 3372
DOI: 10.1007/s11663-024-03185-0

Strategies to Boost the Safety and Ionic Conductivity of Lithium‐Ion Batteries Using Solid State Electrolytes: A Review

Savitha Hosamane, Nagaraju Kottam and Aishwarya Chalil Suresh

WIREs Energy & Environment, 2025, 14
DOI: 10.1002/wene.544

A critical review of the circular economy for lithium-ion batteries and photovoltaic modules – status, challenges, and opportunities

Garvin A. Heath, Dwarakanath Ravikumar, Brianna Hansen and Elaine Kupets

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2022, 72, 478
DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2022.2068878

Recycling of Lithium‐Ion Batteries—Current State of the Art, Circular Economy, and Next Generation Recycling

Jonas Neumann, Martina Petranikova, Marcel Meeus, Jorge D. Gamarra, Reza Younesi, Martin Winter and Sascha Nowak

Advanced Energy Materials, 2022, 12
DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202102917

A fuzzy DEMATEL analysis on the barriers of battery circularity in Indian Electric Vehicle Battery Infrastructure

Rudra P. Pradhan, Akanksha Jaiswal and Himanshu Chandra

Environmental Development, 2026, 59, 101456
DOI: 10.1016/j.envdev.2026.101456

Intelligent disassembly of electric-vehicle batteries: a forward-looking overview

Kai Meng, Guiyin Xu, Xianghui Peng, Kamal Youcef-Toumi and Ju Li

Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2022, 182, 106207
DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106207

Exploring Binder and Solvent for Depositing Activated Carbon Electrode on Indium–Tin-Oxide Substrate to Prepare Supercapacitors

Young Mook Choi and Sang-Eun Chun

Korean J. Met. Mater., 2021, 59, 911
DOI: 10.3365/KJMM.2021.59.12.911

The circular economy potential of reversible bonding in smartphones

Alexej Parchomenko, Stefanie De Smet, Emma Pals, Ive Vanderreydt and Wim Van Opstal

Sustainable Production and Consumption, 2023, 41, 362
DOI: 10.1016/j.spc.2023.08.017

Industrial disassembling as a key enabler of circular economy solutions for obsolete electric vehicle battery systems

Simon Glöser-Chahoud, Sandra Huster, Sonja Rosenberg, Sabri Baazouzi, Steffen Kiemel, Soumya Singh, Christian Schneider, Max Weeber, Robert Miehe and Frank Schultmann

Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2021, 174, 105735
DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105735

Challenges and industrial perspectives on the development of sodium ion batteries

Xiaosheng Cai, Yingying Yue, Zheng Yi, Junfei Liu, Yangping Sheng and Yuhao Lu

Nano Energy, 2024, 129, 110052
DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2024.110052

Improving the sorption properties of mesoporous carbons for the removal of cobalt, nickel and manganese from spent lithium-ion batteries effluent

N. Conte and J.M. Gómez

Separation and Purification Technology, 2024, 328, 125095
DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.125095

Waste from Electric Vehicle: A Bibliometric Analysis from 1995 to 2023

Arief Nurdini, Rahmat Nurcahyo and Anton Satria Prabuwono

WEVJ, 2023, 14, 300
DOI: 10.3390/wevj14110300

Direct regeneration of spent LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 via thermal treatment and solid-state reaction: A closed-loop and versatile direct recycling process for Li-ion batteries degraded under various conditions

Phontip Tammawat, Thanathon Sesuk, Priew Eiamlamai, Pimpa Limthongkul and Nattanai Kunanusont

Journal of Power Sources, 2025, 641, 236827
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.236827

Thiocarbamoyl sulfamic acid‐derived mesoporous silica: a comprehensive study on selective adsorption of cobalt and lithium from spent lithium‐ion batteries

Huda M Younis

J of Chemical Tech & Biotech, 2024, 99, 1308
DOI: 10.1002/jctb.7625

Direct plasma solution recycling of cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries with simultaneous removal of contaminants and relithiation

Evgenii V. Beletskii and Valentin Romanovski

Journal of Power Sources, 2024, 624, 235576
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2024.235576

Lithium-ion batteries using metal foil-free electrodes toward sustainable battery circulation

Hideaki Oka, Hiroki Kondo, Masaki Hasegawa and Hiroyuki Nakano

J Appl Electrochem, 2023, 53, 487
DOI: 10.1007/s10800-022-01791-x

Recycling valuable materials from the cathodes of spent lithium-ion batteries: A comprehensive review

Sezgin Yasa, Ozan Aydin, Mohammed Al-Bujasim, Burak Birol and Metin Gencten

Journal of Energy Storage, 2023, 73, 109073
DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2023.109073

Techno-economic and environmental analysis of decarbonization pathways for road freight transportation in Brazil

Felipe de Oliveira Gonçalves, Melina Savioli Lopes, Emília Savioli Lopes and Rubens Maciel Filho

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2025, 222, 115991
DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2025.115991

Crystallization of Cathode Active Material Precursors from Tartaric Acid Solution

Chunyan Ma, Mona Mohamoud, Tiaan Punt, Jinlong Li, Michael Svärd and Kerstin Forsberg

ChemSusChem, 2025, 18
DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202401523

Circular Economy Approaches for Electrical and Conventional Vehicles

Claudiu Vasile Kifor and Niculina Alexandra Grigore

Sustainability, 2023, 15, 6140
DOI: 10.3390/su15076140

Research progress on recycling and high-valuepent LiFePO4 cathode materials

Jiajun Chen, Chang Miao, Yu Duan, Chengjin Liu, Zhiyan Wang, Wenming Peng, Jiaxiang Wan, Jinqi Jiao, Tianyu Wen and Wei Xiao

Future Batteries, 2026, 10, 100172
DOI: 10.1016/j.fub.2026.100172

Revealing the pH-dependent dissolution mechanism of LiMn2O4/λ-MnO2 redox couple for selective electrochemical lithium extraction

Penglin Wang, Shiyu Zhou, Chenyu Qi, Xiao Yao, Shuai Gu and Jianguo Yu

Separation and Purification Technology, 2025, 372, 133496
DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2025.133496

Toward a resilient European battery ecosystem by 2030: Strategic pathways to meet EU regulatory targets

Mattia Gianvincenzi, Marco Marconi, Enrico Maria Mosconi and Francesco Tola

Journal of Energy Storage, 2025, 132, 117851
DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2025.117851

U.S. Cobalt: A Cycle of Diverse and Important Uses

T.E. Graedel and Alessio Miatto

Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2022, 184, 106441
DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106441

Safety behaviors and degradation mechanisms of aged batteries: A review

Shuguo Sun and Jun Xu

Energy Materials and Devices, 2024, 2, 9370048
DOI: 10.26599/EMD.2024.9370048

Recycling of lithium, cobalt, nickel, and manganese from end-of-life lithium-ion battery of an electric vehicle using supercritical carbon dioxide

Jiakai Zhang and Gisele Azimi

Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2022, 187, 106628
DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106628

Second life and recycling: Energy and environmental sustainability perspectives for high-performance lithium-ion batteries

Yanqiu Tao, Christopher D. Rahn, Lynden A. Archer and Fengqi You

Sci. Adv., 2021, 7
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abi7633

Diversified battery recycling: Advances in recovery techniques and value-added functional applications

Hao Luo, Dan Su, Shuzhe Yang, Yukun Li, Zhengxiang Shan, Mengting Zheng, Min Hong, Tiefeng Liu and Mi Lu

Nano Energy, 2025, 139, 110973
DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2025.110973

One-step selective separation and efficient recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium batteries by phosphoric acid-based deep eutectic solvent

Yuning Zhang, Peng Cui, Guiling Luo, Linlin Chen, Xiaowei Li, Yanhong Chao and Wenshuai Zhu

Green Chemical Engineering, 2024, 5, 390
DOI: 10.1016/j.gce.2023.10.002

Micro‐Supercapacitors for Self‐Powered Biosensors

Muhammad Adeel, Hong Seok Lee, Kanwal Asif, Sabrina Smith, Hasan Kurt, Flavio Rizzolio, Salvatore Daniele and Firat Güder

Small Science, 2024, 4
DOI: 10.1002/smsc.202400096

Overdischarge process of lithium-ion batteries for the recovery of low-damaged cathodes

Ju-Young Lee, Hyeon Sun Yang, Sungju Hwang, Chanho Song, Youngsik Eom, Seung-Kyu Chun and Jonggeoun Moon

Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 2024, 138, 451
DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2024.04.021

Recovery of lithium hydroxide from discarded lithium-ion batteries

Anoop S Kumar, K Ramaswamy, Dhvani B Purohit, Priyadarshini Bais, K Venkatesham, Neha Mohiuddin, S Rajesh Kumar, R Ratheesh and Ajay Kaushal

Bull Mater Sci, 2024, 48
DOI: 10.1007/s12034-024-03356-4

Bottom‐Up Design of a Green and Transient Zinc‐Ion Battery with Ultralong Lifespan

Neeru Mittal, Alazne Ojanguren, Dipan Kundu, Erlantz Lizundia and Markus Niederberger

Small, 2023, 19
DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206249

To shred or to disassemble – A techno-economic assessment of automated disassembly vs. shredding in lithium-ion battery module recycling

Martin Choux, Simon Waldemar Pripp, Frode Kvalnes and Magnus Hellström

Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2024, 203, 107430
DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.107430

Lithium-ion batteries recycling: Review of reactor and process design, scalability, cost, and environmental performance

Safae Benaabidate, Nabil El Mounafia, Saeed Rahimpour, Szabolcs Fogarasi, Karima Lasri, Benjamin P. Wilson, Ana-Maria Cormos, Yassine Taha, Rachid Hakkou, Ismael Saadoune and Abdelghafour Zaabout

Journal of Energy Storage, 2026, 153, 120712
DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.120712

Electric Vehicle Batteries Recycling: A Review

Behzad Esmaeilian, Yaohong Xiao, Gagan K. Goyal, Lei Zuo, Lei Chen and Sara Behdad

Waste Management, 2026, 212, 115302
DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115302

Precipitation of Lithium Phosphate from Cathode Materials of Spent Lithium-Ion Battery by Hydrometallurgy Process

Natcha Wongnaree, Loeslakkhana Sriklang, Chatisa Kansomket, Thanapon Chandakhiaw, Tapany Patcharawit and Sakhob Khumkoa

MSF, 2023, 1099, 175
DOI: 10.4028/p-arh30R

A review of lithium-ion battery recycling for enabling a circular economy

Mina Rezaei, Atiyeh Nekahi, Anil Kumar M R, Ameer Nizami, Xia Li, Sixu Deng, Jagjit Nanda and Karim Zaghib

Journal of Power Sources, 2025, 630, 236157
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2024.236157

Impact of circular design of lithium-ion batteries on supply of lithium for electric cars towards a sustainable mobility and energy transition

America Rocio Quinteros-Condoretty, Saeed Rahimpour Golroudbary, Laura Albareda, Bernardo Barbiellini and Ayberk Soyer

Procedia CIRP, 2021, 100, 73
DOI: 10.1016/j.procir.2021.05.012

Resonance Coil Design for a Novel Battery Cell Balancing with using Near-Field Coupling

Juhyeon Jeon and Dongho Lee

Adv. sci. technol. eng. syst. j., 2023, 8, 70
DOI: 10.25046/aj080508

Identification of Sustainable Convergence Technology for Batteries via Multiplex Link Prediction (August 2024)

Dong Hyun Lim and So Young Sohn

IEEE Trans. Eng. Manage., 2024, 71, 14365
DOI: 10.1109/TEM.2024.3451154

Concerning misconceptions in electrochemical discharge research of spent LIBs: A mechanistic study of external plastic film-induced effects on battery discharge behavior

Zixuan Guo, Jianghui Zhang, Yanchao Jin, Peng Wang, Qingbin Tian, Zhiming Liu and Yan He

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2025, 522, 167024
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2025.167024

Enhanced Dissolution of Metal Oxides in Hydroxylated Solvents – Towards Application in Lithium‐Ion Battery Leaching

Henrique Bastos, Nicolas Schaeffer, Jennifer M. Pringle, João A. P. Coutinho and Cristina Pozo‐Gonzalo

ChemSusChem, 2023, 16
DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300455

Electrodialysis of LiPF6 in Aqueous Solution for Wastewater Treatment in Hydrometallurgical Recycling of Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Takuto Miyashita, Kouji Yasuda and Tetsuya Uda

Adv Energy and Sustain Res, 2026, 7
DOI: 10.1002/aesr.202500134

A shared future: chemistry's engagement is essential for resilience of people and planet

Goverdhan Mehta, Sarah E. Cornell, Alain Krief, Henning Hopf and Stephen A. Matlin

R. Soc. open sci., 2022, 9
DOI: 10.1098/rsos.212004

Exploring the potential impact of electric passenger vehicle battery recycling on China's cobalt supply and demand under the goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality during 2010–2060

Donghai Qiao, Yanling Ma, Yuhai Bao, Ying Hong, Batunacun, Narenmandula and Tao Dai

Journal of Cleaner Production, 2024, 444, 141139
DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.141139

Urgent needs for second life using and recycling design of wasted electric vehicles (EVs) lithium-ion battery: a scientometric analysis

Aqib Zahoor, Róbert Kun, Guozhu Mao, Ferenc Farkas, András Sápi and Zoltán Kónya

Environ Sci Pollut Res, 2024, 31, 43152
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33979-3

Second Life Management From Battery Storage System of Electric Waterborne Transport Applications: Perspectives and Solutions

Fabio Mandrile, Michele Pastorelli, Salvatore Musumeci, Iñaki Amilleta Urkiri and Adrian Remirez

IEEE Access, 2023, 11, 35122
DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3265168

Review on the Binders for Sustainable High‐Energy‐Density Lithium Ion Batteries: Status, Solutions, and Prospects

Wendi Dou, Mengting Zheng, Wu Zhang, Tiefeng Liu, Fating Wang, Guangying Wan, Yujing Liu and Xinyong Tao

Adv Funct Materials, 2023, 33
DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202305161

Recyclability Assessment and Design for Recycling Recommendations of End-of-Life NMC811 Lithium –Ion Batteries

Felipe Alejandro Garcia Paz, Christine Nadine Prado Goerlach, Chanchan Li, Monika Keutmann, Tobias Necke, Mohsin Sajjad, Karl Gerald van den Boogaart and Ashak Mahmud Parvez

Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration, 2026, 43, 623
DOI: 10.1007/s42461-025-01444-5

Chlorination Roasting of Li-Bearing Minerals and Slags: Combined Evaluation of Lithium Recovery Ratio and Lithium Chloride Product Purity

Jungho Heo, Peter Tom Jones, Bart Blanpain and Muxing Guo

J. Sustain. Metall., 2023, 9, 1353
DOI: 10.1007/s40831-023-00729-7

Circular waste management of electric vehicle batteries: Legal and technical perspectives from the EU and the UK post Brexit

J. Malinauskaite, L. Anguilano and X. Schmidt Rivera

International Journal of Thermofluids, 2021, 10, 100078
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijft.2021.100078

Sustainable Recycling of Electrode Materials in Spent Li-Ion Batteries through Direct Regeneration Processes

Yingqi Lu, Kaiyuan Peng and Lingen Zhang

ACS EST Eng., 2022, 2, 586
DOI: 10.1021/acsestengg.1c00425

Advancing the circular economy by driving sustainable urban mining of end-of-life batteries and technological advancements

Mina Rezaei, Atiyeh Nekahi, Ebrahim Feyzi, Anil Kumar M R, Jagjit Nanda and Karim Zaghib

Energy Storage Materials, 2025, 75, 104035
DOI: 10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104035

Technological pathways and sustainability insights into spent lithium-ion batteries

Anusha Ekanayake, Samson S. Yu, Sakib T. Hossain, Hongli Su, Yihan Chen, Joe Fleming, Yongqing Zhang and Shuaifei Zhao

Sustainable Materials and Technologies, 2026, 47, e01859
DOI: 10.1016/j.susmat.2026.e01859

Overlooked residue of Li-ion battery recycling waste as high-value bifunctional oxygen electrocatalyst for Zn-air batteries

Kerli Liivand, Jani Sainio, Benjamin P. Wilson, Ivar Kruusenberg and Mari Lundström

Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2023, 332, 122767
DOI: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2023.122767

Direct recycling of Li‐ion batteries from cell to pack level: Challenges and prospects on technology, scalability, sustainability, and economics

Joseph Jegan Roy, Do Minh Phuong, Vivek Verma, Richa Chaudhary, Michael Carboni, Daniel Meyer, Bin Cao and Madhavi Srinivasan

Carbon Energy, 2024, 6
DOI: 10.1002/cey2.492

Retrieving Spent Cathodes from Lithium‐Ion Batteries through Flourishing Technologies

Benjamin Raj, Manoj Kumar Sahoo, Aleksandar Nikoloski, Pritam Singh, Suddhasatwa Basu and Mamata Mohapatra

Batteries & Supercaps, 2023, 6
DOI: 10.1002/batt.202200418

Optimization of Thermal Management System with Water and Phase Change Material Cooling for Li-Ion Battery Pack

Quanyi Li, Jong-Rae Cho and Jianguang Zhai

Energies, 2021, 14, 5312
DOI: 10.3390/en14175312

Beyond the Conventional Leaching: Exploring Pyruvic Acid-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents for Sustainable Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode Material

Baiju Chenthamara and Ramesh L. Gardas

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2024, 12, 12827
DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.4c03372

How research & innovation ramp up Li-ion Battery recycling

Pietro Cattaneo, Lorenzo De Vita, Camilla Zanoni, Davide Ruzza, Mariacristina Colantuono, Diana Di Cintio, Carmen Cavallo, Mark Copley and Eliana Quartarone

Journal of Power Sources Advances, 2026, 37, 100198
DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2025.100198

Second-life battery systems for affordable energy access in Kenyan primary schools

Nisrine Kebir, Alycia Leonard, Michael Downey, Bernie Jones, Khaled Rabie, Sivapriya Mothilal Bhagavathy and Stephanie A. Hirmer

Sci Rep, 2023, 13
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28377-7

Manufacturing processes and recycling technology of automotive lithium-ion battery: A review

Lingfei Qi, Yuan Wang, Lingji Kong, Minyi Yi, Juhuang Song, Daning Hao, Xianzheng Zhou, Zutao Zhang and Jinyue Yan

Journal of Energy Storage, 2023, 67, 107533
DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2023.107533

Rapid extraction of valuable metals from spent LiNixCoyMn1-x-yO2 cathodes based on synergistic effects between organic acids

Jianzhi Zhang, Xingyu Hu, Tingting He, Xinkai Yuan, Xin Li, Hui Shi, Liming Yang, Penghui Shao, Chaoqiang Wang and Xubiao Luo

Waste Management, 2023, 165, 19
DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.04.020

Direct Recycling Technology for Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: Limitations of Current Implementation

Anna Pražanová, Zbyněk Plachý, Jan Kočí, Michael Fridrich and Vaclav Knap

Batteries, 2024, 10, 81
DOI: 10.3390/batteries10030081

Highly Li-selective fully aromatic polyamide membranes prepared via combined cosolvent addition−solvent activation

Chan Hee Jung, Myung-Seok Lee, Mina Kim, Seung Su Shin, Sungkwon Jeon, Hyunjung Kim, Jae Kwon Shin, Sang Kyu Kwak, Sung-Joon Park and Jung-Hyun Lee

Journal of Membrane Science, 2026, 738, 124864
DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2025.124864

Rational Design of Effective Binders for LiFePO4 Cathodes

Shu Huang, Xiaoting Huang, Youyuan Huang, Xueqin He, Haitao Zhuo and Shaojun Chen

Polymers, 2021, 13, 3146
DOI: 10.3390/polym13183146

Super-rapid and energy-saving recovery of spent lithium-ion batteries cathode by dual-functional low-melting mixture solvents

Xuemin Jing, Pengli Zhang, Zhuojia Shi, Ziheng Dai, Jingfa Yang, Yutong Liu, Yongbo Tan and Yu Chen

Chemical Engineering Science, 2025, 318, 122156
DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2025.122156

Lithium-Ion Battery Components and Its Recycling Methods – A Review

Santosh Kumar Nathsharma

IJISEM, 2025, 322
DOI: 10.69968/ijisem.2025v4i3322-335

Extractive Separation of Co/Ni Pair With the Deep Eutectic Solvent Aliquat 336/Timol

N. A. Milevsky, I. V. Zinovieva, Yu. A. Zakhodyaeva and A. A. Voshkin

Theor Found Chem Eng, 2022, 56, 45
DOI: 10.1134/S0040579522010080

Emerging and Recycling of Li-Ion Batteries to Aid in Energy Storage, A Review

Shammya Afroze, Md Sumon Reza, Kairat Kuterbekov, Asset Kabyshev, Marzhan M. Kubenova, Kenzhebatyr Z. Bekmyrza and Abul K. Azad

Recycling, 2023, 8, 48
DOI: 10.3390/recycling8030048

Comprehensive evaluation on production and recycling of lithium-ion batteries: A critical review

Zhijun Ren, Huajie Li, Wenyi Yan, Weiguang Lv, Guangming Zhang, Longyi Lv, Li Sun, Zhi Sun and Wenfang Gao

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2023, 185, 113585
DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2023.113585

Aligning incentives for implementing reversible bonding as a circular economy innovation

Wim Van Opstal, Anse Smeets and Emma Pals

Bus Strat Env, 2024, 33, 8017
DOI: 10.1002/bse.3904

Consumer Perception of the Circular Economy as the Most Visible Environmental Pillar of Corporate Social Responsibility

Otakar Ungerman, Piotr Gryszel and Jaroslava Dědková

Journal of Landscape Ecology, 2023, 16, 76
DOI: 10.2478/jlecol-2023-0018

Fast and direct diagnosis of states of health of spent batteries

Minjeong Gong, Yoonjung Choi, Han Mo Yang, Sang Bok Ma and Dong-Hwa Seo

Energy Storage Materials, 2026, 88, 105060
DOI: 10.1016/j.ensm.2026.105060

Choice of Binder on Conversion Type CuO Nanoparticles toward Building High Energy Li‐Ion Capacitors: An Approach Beyond Intercalation

Manohar Akshay, Krishnan Subramanyan, Madhusoodhanan Lathika Divya, Yun‐Sung Lee and Vanchiappan Aravindan

Adv Materials Technologies, 2022, 7
DOI: 10.1002/admt.202200423

Lithium extraction using ionic liquids: Insights from quantum chemical and molecular dynamics simulations

Shamanth Y.U., Palash Jyoti Boruah, Subrahmanya Bhat K., Anoop Kishore Vatti, Srikanth Divi and Tamal Banerjee

Journal of Ionic Liquids, 2025, 5, 100177
DOI: 10.1016/j.jil.2025.100177

Managing Market Competition and Battery Disassembly Design in an Echelon Utilization Supply Chain: The Case of China Electric Vehicle Industry

Senlin Zhao, Xinkang Wang and Hongchen Liu

Energies, 2025, 18, 5820
DOI: 10.3390/en18215820

Service efficiency assessment of end-of-life lithium-ion battery recycling centers based on a fuzzy preference correction model

Zhongwei Cheng, Lifeng Yang and Keyu Zhu

Energy & Environment, 2026
DOI: 10.1177/0958305X261428676

Scalable ultrafast regeneration of cathodes from battery waste

Armenuhi Yeghishyan, Erkin Yildiz, Noah Cabanas, Alberto Salvadori, Ryan G. McClarren, Jennifer L. Schaefer, Ani Aprahamian and Khachatur Manukyan

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2025, 521, 166888
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2025.166888

The evolution of lithium-ion battery recycling

Xiaotu Ma, Zifei Meng, Marilena Velonia Bellonia, Jeffrey Spangenberger, Gavin Harper, Eric Gratz, Elsa Olivetti, Renata Arsenault and Yan Wang

Nat. Rev. Clean Technol., 2025, 1, 75
DOI: 10.1038/s44359-024-00010-4

Evaluation of hydrometallurgical black mass recycling with simulation-based life cycle assessment

Marja Rinne, Riina Aromaa-Stubb, Heini Elomaa, Antti Porvali and Mari Lundström

Int J Life Cycle Assess, 2024, 29, 1582
DOI: 10.1007/s11367-024-02304-y

A novel application-aware retired lithium-ion batteries regrouping approach to enable improved second life

Gabriele Piombo, Mona Faraji Niri and James Marco

Journal of Cleaner Production, 2025, 489, 144526
DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.144526

Priority Lithium recovery from spent Li-ion batteries via carbothermal reduction with water leaching

Zhiming Yan, Anwar Sattar and Zushu Li

Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2023, 192, 106937
DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.106937

Laser-based disassembly of end-of-life automotive traction batteries: A systematic patent analysis

Max Rettenmeier, Noah Jeremia Schilling, Mauritz Möller and Alexander Sauer

World Patent Information, 2024, 79, 102322
DOI: 10.1016/j.wpi.2024.102322

Valorization of upcycling plastic bottles to flexible nanofiber membranes: An efficient and sustainable separator-cum-electrolyte for high-performance Li and Na-metal batteries

Aswini Ramakrishnan, Shaji Jyothilakshmi and Vanchiappan Aravindan

Composites Part B: Engineering, 2026, 309, 113096
DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113096

Impact of residuals on recovered nickel-rich LiNi1-x-yMnxCoyO2 cathodes for direct recycling and reuse

Mehrdad Talebi, Thomas Diemant, Jae-Kwang Kim, Markus Binder and Dominic Bresser

Journal of Power Sources Advances, 2026, 37, 100200
DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2025.100200

Battery Cathode Recycling With Superior Dissolution Kinetics by Laser Augmentation

Zixu Wang, Xin Hu, Hao Zhang, Yaduo Song, Yonggang Yao and Yunhui Huang

Small Methods, 2025, 9
DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202401975

Consumer preference and willingness-to-pay for formal recycling of electric vehicle batteries: A discrete choice experiment in China

Xingjun Huang, Song Lei, Feng Liu, Yan Li, Fuli Zhou and Ming K. Lim

Journal of Environmental Management, 2024, 370, 122180
DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122180

Electrolyte refilling as a way to recover capacity of aged lithium-ion batteries

S.M. Kuzovchikov, V.V. Zefirov, V.S. Neudachina, T.K. Zakharchenko, A.L. Zybkovets, A.A. Nikiforov, D.I. Gusak, A. Reveguk, M.S. Kondratenko, L.V. Yashina and D.M. Itkis

Journal of Power Sources, 2024, 601, 234257
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2024.234257

Microwave-Assisted Recovery of Spent LiCoO2 Battery from the Corresponding Black Mass

Matteo Scaglia, Antonella Cornelio, Alessandra Zanoletti, Daniele La Corte, Giada Biava, Ivano Alessandri, Angelo Forestan, Catya Alba, Laura Depero and Elza Bontempi

Batteries, 2023, 9, 536
DOI: 10.3390/batteries9110536

Advancing sustainable development through circular economy and skill development in EV lithium-ion battery recycling: a comprehensive review

Bianca Ifeoma Chigbu

Front. Sustain., 2024, 5
DOI: 10.3389/frsus.2024.1409498

Towards preferential lithium recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries: phase transition mechanisms, technical innovation and future perspectives

Mengyu Lin, Yongqiang Chen, Chengyan Wang, Shengming Xu and Jialiang Zhang

Progress in Materials Science, 2026, 156, 101557
DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2025.101557

Environmental Aspects and Recycling of Solid-State Batteries: A Comprehensive Review

Abniel Machín, María C. Cotto, Francisco Díaz, José Duconge, Carmen Morant and Francisco Márquez

Batteries, 2024, 10, 255
DOI: 10.3390/batteries10070255

Formation and Evolution of the Solid Electrolyte Interphase on Silicon Electrodes from Fluorine‐Free Electrolytes

Zijie Lu, Tamara Patranika, Andrew J. Naylor, Jonas Mindemark, Samuel Tardif, Guiomar Hernández and Sandrine Lyonnard

Small, 2025, 21
DOI: 10.1002/smll.202410654

Environmental hotspots and greenhouse gas reduction potential for different lithium-ion battery recovery strategies

Fan Wu, Liang Li, Lauren Crandon, Yuanyu Cao, Fei Cheng, Andrea Hicks, Eddy Y. Zeng and Jing You

Journal of Cleaner Production, 2022, 339, 130697
DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130697

Lityum İyon Batarya Üretiminde Kullanılan Hammaddelerin İncelemesi ve Türkiye’nin Batarya Üretim Potansiyelinin İrdelenmesi

Mehmet Feryat Gülcan, Engin Alkan, Osman Çotuker and Neslihan Yuca Doğdu

Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 2024, 11, 204
DOI: 10.35193/bseufbd.1294057

Digital technology adoption model for electric vehicle battery recycling supply chain - an influential relationship mapping

Vimal K. E. K., Jayakrishna Kandasamy, Vezhavendhan R., Bostine Bose, Arun Kumar Menon and Sivakumar K.

Oper Manag Res, 2024, 17, 1469
DOI: 10.1007/s12063-024-00515-y

Comprehensive recycling of lithium-ion batteries: Fundamentals, pretreatment, and perspectives

Wenhao Yu, Yi Guo, Shengming Xu, Yue Yang, Yufeng Zhao and Jiujun Zhang

Energy Storage Materials, 2023, 54, 172
DOI: 10.1016/j.ensm.2022.10.033

To shred or not to shred: A comparative techno-economic assessment of lithium ion battery hydrometallurgical recycling retaining value and improving circularity in LIB supply chains

Dana Thompson, Charlotte Hyde, Jennifer M. Hartley, Andrew P. Abbott, Paul A. Anderson and Gavin D.J. Harper

Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2021, 175, 105741
DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105741

Towards uncertainty of End-of-Use product recycling: a general screw connection-oriented disassembly analysis

Jinhua Xiao, Kaile Huang, Sergio Terzi and Romeo Bandinelli

International Journal of Production Research, 2025, 1
DOI: 10.1080/00207543.2025.2507111

Selective Copper Removal from an Fe–P–Cu Alloy Recovered by Pyrometallurgical Reduction of Spent LiFePO4 Batteries via Sulfidation–Slag Refining

Jin-Seong Yoon, A-Jin Im and Jei-Pil Wang

Materials, 2026, 19, 1185
DOI: 10.3390/ma19061185

Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries: Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide and a Dosing Method on the Leaching of LCO, NMC Oxides, and Industrial Black Mass

Nathália Vieceli, Piamcheewa Benjamasutin, Raksina Promphan, Pia Hellström, Magnus Paulsson and Martina Petranikova

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2023, 11, 9662
DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c01238

H2O-balance-regulated cation–anion competitive coordination for selective elements extraction from spent lithium-ion batteries

Mingqiang Cheng, Yixin Hua, Qibo Zhang, Qihao Li, Hongda Li, Ding Wang, Xianshu Wang, Yun Zhao, Juanjian Ru and Baohua Li

eScience, 2024, 4, 100275
DOI: 10.1016/j.esci.2024.100275

Cost-effective recycling of spent LiMn2O4 cathode via a chemical lithiation strategy

Chen Wu, Mingli Xu, Chengyi Zhang, Lang Ye, Kanglong Zhang, Hengjiang Cong, Lin Zhuang, Xinping Ai, Hanxi Yang and Jiangfeng Qian

Energy Storage Materials, 2023, 55, 154
DOI: 10.1016/j.ensm.2022.11.043

Safety Concerns for the Management of End‐of‐Life Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Zhuowen Chen, Abdullah Yildizbasi, Yan Wang and Joseph Sarkis

Global Challenges, 2022, 6
DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202200049

A new route for the recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries towards advanced energy storage, conversion, and harvesting systems

Subramanian Natarajan, Karthikeyan Krishnamoorthy, Arunprasath Sathyaseelan, Vimal Kumar Mariappan, Parthiban Pazhamalai, Sindhuja Manoharan and Sang-Jae Kim

Nano Energy, 2022, 101, 107595
DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2022.107595

End-of-life electric vehicle battery disassembly enabled by intelligent and human-robot collaboration technologies: A review

Weidong Li, Yiqun Peng, Yu Zhu, Duc Truong Pham, A.Y.C. Nee and S.K. Ong

Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, 2024, 89, 102758
DOI: 10.1016/j.rcim.2024.102758

Safe and reliable laser ablation assisted disassembly methodology for cylindrical battery cells for post-mortem analysis

Daniel Aeppli, Jonas Gartmann, René Schneider, Erwin Hack, Sebastian Kretschmer, Thi Thu Dieu Nguyen and Marcel Held

Journal of Energy Storage, 2024, 83, 110571
DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2024.110571

Sustainable recycling of lithium-ion batteries: Pipe dream or realistic solution

Madlin Spiewak, Jędrzej Piątek, Bruno V.M. Rodrigues and Adam Slabon

Cell Reports Sustainability, 2025, 2, 100429
DOI: 10.1016/j.crsus.2025.100429

Role of Artificial Intelligence in Electric Vehicle Battery Materials Recycling Processes, Challenges and Opportunities

Phaneendra Babu Bobba, Mukhesh M, Burle Sai Siddartha and B. Vandana

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., 2026, 3196, 012007
DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/3196/1/012007

Profitability and carbon footprint of battery recycling and the potential impact on battery cost: A structured machine-learning based review

Niklas Kronemeyer, Xiaohan Wu and Jens Leker

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2026, 226, 116182
DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2025.116182

Sustainable Battery Management in the Age of Electromobility

Tibor Cseke and Zoltán Weltsch

Engineering Perspective, 2025, 5, 18
DOI: 10.64808/engineeringperspective.1791151

Real-World Life-Cycle Assessment of Industrial-Scale Lithium-Ion-Battery Hydrometallurgical Recycling

Min Liu, Xin Sun, Ruixi Shen, Xinying Zhou, Yijuan Zhang, Xuexing Pan, Hyung Chul Kim, Wei Shen, Daniel De Castro Gomez, Xin He, Ye Wu and Shaojun Zhang

Environ. Sci. Technol., 2026, 60, 6203
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5c10922

Review on sustainable strategies for lithium recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries

J. Jayamuthunagai, R. Mary Nancy Flora, K. Senthilkumar and B. Bharathiraja

Future Batteries, 2025, 7, 100105
DOI: 10.1016/j.fub.2025.100105

Fluorine‐Free Electrolytes for Lithium and Sodium Batteries

Guiomar Hernández, Ronnie Mogensen, Reza Younesi and Jonas Mindemark

Batteries & Supercaps, 2022, 5
DOI: 10.1002/batt.202100373

A Four-Party Evolutionary Game Analysis of Retired Power Battery Recycling Strategies Under the Low Carbon Goals

Lijun Yang, Shuangxi Zhong and Zhenggang Ding

WEVJ, 2025, 16, 187
DOI: 10.3390/wevj16030187

A Scalable Lithium Recovery Process in Atorvastatin Drug Synthesis

Chakradhar Nandigama, Chandramohan Kotte, Madhusudhan Gutta, Ramesh B.V.N, Sreedhar Gundekari, Mohan Varkolu, Mallesham Baithy and Raju Mudhulkar

ChemistrySelect, 2025, 10
DOI: 10.1002/slct.202502853

Electrochemical lithium recovery from waste secondary batteries by direct electrolysis in molten lithium carbonate

Namhun Kwon, Ui Jun Ko, Myungsuk Kim, Soong Ju Oh, Jae Hong Shin and Kyoung-Tae Park

Electrochimica Acta, 2025, 538, 146994
DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2025.146994

High Active Material Loading in Organic Electrodes Enabled by an in‐situ Electropolymerized π‐Conjugated Tetrakis (4‐Aminophenyl) Porphyrin

Thomas Smok, Ebrahim Abouzari‐Lotf, Sebastian Frentzen, Thomas Diemant and Maximilian Fichtner

Batteries & Supercaps, 2023, 6
DOI: 10.1002/batt.202300026

Optimized extraction of mesoporous nanocomposites from spent Li-ion batteries and their use to construct high-performance supercapacitor devices with ultra-high stability

Y.I. Mesbah, N. Ahmed, M.M. Hasan and N.K. Allam

Materials Today Chemistry, 2023, 30, 101521
DOI: 10.1016/j.mtchem.2023.101521

Ecological impact of vehicles: A comparative study within the Czech Republic and other Visegrad 4 countries

Kamil Jaššo, Martin Mačák, Martin Šedina, Josef Máca, Gavin D.J. Harper and Tomáš Kazda

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2025, 209, 115059
DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2024.115059

Ultrasonic Liquid Extraction Using Advanced Cavitation in the Process of Disposal of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

O. M. Gradov, I. V. Zinov’eva, Yu. A. Zakhodyaeva and A. A. Voshkin

Theor Found Chem Eng, 2024, 58, 973
DOI: 10.1134/S0040579525600329

A Bifunctional Fluorine‐Free Electrolyte Additive for Realizing Dendrite‐Free Lithium Anodes

Hanxiao Zhou, Tianhui Li, Wenjing Liu, Zhihao Guo, Zihao Su, Jingjing Gao, Meizhen Qu and Gongchang Peng

ChemSusChem, 2023, 16
DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300186

A Water Balloon as an Innovative Energy Storage Medium

Chun-Ti Chang and Pin Tuan Huang

Polymers, 2022, 14, 3396
DOI: 10.3390/polym14163396

Sustainable lithium-ion battery recycling: A review on technologies, regulatory approaches and future trends

S. Srinivasan, S. Shanthakumar and B. Ashok

Energy Reports, 2025, 13, 789
DOI: 10.1016/j.egyr.2024.12.043

Voltammetric and In Situ Spectroscopic Investigations on the Redox Processes of Trioxotriangulene Neutral Radicals on Graphite Electrodes

Shohei Kitano, Ichiro Tanabe, Nobutaka Shioya, Takeshi Hasegawa, Tsuyoshi Murata, Yasushi Morita, Ryotaro Tsuji and Ken-ichi Fukui

Langmuir, 2023, 39, 6846
DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00438

Novel recycling technologies and safety aspects of lithium ion batteries for electric vehicles

Marita Pigłowska, Beata Kurc, Paweł Fuć and Natalia Szymlet

J Mater Cycles Waste Manag, 2024, 26, 2656
DOI: 10.1007/s10163-024-02028-z

The effect of using alternative binders and second life graphite materials on the electrochemical performance of lithium-ion battery electrodes

Sean Scott, Priyanka Mukherjee, Chunhong Lei, Jennifer M. Hartley, Andrew P. Abbott and Karl S. Ryder

Journal of Power Sources, 2024, 594, 233993
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2023.233993

Separation of Metal and Cathode Materials from Waste Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery by Electrostatic Process

Huabing Zhu, Yuxuan Bai, Lei Zu, Haijun Bi and Jian Wen

Separations, 2023, 10, 220
DOI: 10.3390/separations10030220

A novel method to prepare a highly porous separator based on nanocellulose with multi-scale pore structures and its application for rechargeable lithium ion batteries

Jingren Gou, Wangyu Liu and Aimin Tang

Journal of Membrane Science, 2021, 639, 119750
DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119750

Upcycling of Li-Ion Battery Recycling Residues to Graphene Oxide: Life Cycle Hotspots and Production Scale Impacts

Gopa Nandikes, Lalit Goswami, Seungdae Oh and Pankaj Pathak

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2025, 13, 12733
DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.5c05262

Reversible self-assembly of small molecules for recyclable solid-state battery electrolytes

Yukio Cho, Cole D. Fincher, Guillaume Lamour, Ty Christoff-Tempesta, Xiaobing Zuo, Yet-Ming Chiang and Julia H. Ortony

Nat. Chem., 2025
DOI: 10.1038/s41557-025-01917-6

Electrode Architecture Design to Promote Charge‐Transport Kinetics in High‐Loading and High‐Energy Lithium‐Based Batteries

Weixiao Ji, Huainan Qu, Xiaoxiao Zhang, Dong Zheng and Deyang Qu

Small Methods, 2021, 5
DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202100518

Process simulation-based LCA: Li-ion battery recycling case study

Yvonne Kaye Perocillo, Eric Pirard and Angélique Léonard

Int J Life Cycle Assess, 2025, 30, 2494
DOI: 10.1007/s11367-025-02478-z

Lifecycle eco-design potential of battery electric vehicles considering environmental and economic functions

Tong Liu, Yifan Gu, Guangwen Hu, Yufeng Wu, Qingbin Yuan, Huijing Hu and Tieyong Zuo

Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2026, 224, 108546
DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108546

Battery dismantling centre in Europe: A centralized vs decentralized analysis

H. Rallo, A. Sánchez, Ll. Canals and B. Amante

Resources, Conservation & Recycling Advances, 2022, 15, 200087
DOI: 10.1016/j.rcradv.2022.200087

Direct Recycling R&D at the ReCell Center

Linda Gaines, Qiang Dai, John T. Vaughey and Samuel Gillard

Recycling, 2021, 6, 31
DOI: 10.3390/recycling6020031

Closed-Loop Graphite Recycling from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries through Bioleaching

Joseph Jegan Roy, Ernest Jun Jie Tang, Minh Phuong Do, Bin Cao and Madhavi Srinivasan

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2023, 11, 6567
DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c07262

Financial viability of electric vehicle lithium-ion battery recycling

Laura Lander, Tom Cleaver, Mohammad Ali Rajaeifar, Viet Nguyen-Tien, Robert J.R. Elliott, Oliver Heidrich, Emma Kendrick, Jacqueline Sophie Edge and Gregory Offer

iScience, 2021, 24, 102787
DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102787

Challenges in the Recycling of Battery Casing Materials

Malena Staudacher, Tony Lyon and Urs Peuker

Chemie Ingenieur Technik, 2024, 96, 932
DOI: 10.1002/cite.202300134

Green recycling assessment on typical spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs): A multi-objective assessment

Zhijun Ren, Huajie Li, Yuting Wang, Guangming Zhang, Pengfei Wang, Longyi Lv, Zhi Sun and Wenfang Gao

Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2024, 206, 107648
DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.107648

Challenges in Ecofriendly Battery Recycling and Closed Material Cycles: A Perspective on Future Lithium Battery Generations

Stefan Doose, Julian K. Mayer, Peter Michalowski and Arno Kwade

Metals, 2021, 11, 291
DOI: 10.3390/met11020291

Spatially and Chemically Resolved Degradation of Fluorine-Free Electrolyte on Silicon/Graphite Surfaces

Yi-Chen Weng, Rassmus Andersson, Ming-Tao Lee, Jonas Mindemark, Andreas Lindblad, Maria Hahlin and Guiomar Hernández

J. Electrochem. Soc., 2024, 171, 060527
DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/ad5621

Performance and degradation analysis of sodium-ion battery integrated with solar photovoltaic system for microgrid applications

Manjunath L Nilugal and Venkatasailanathan Ramadesigan

Electrochimica Acta, 2025, 524, 146005
DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2025.146005

Gelatin and Alginate Binders for Simplified Battery Recycling

Sean Scott, Jason Terreblanche, Dana L. Thompson, Chunhong Lei, Jennifer M. Hartley, Andrew P. Abbott and Karl S. Ryder

J. Phys. Chem. C, 2022, 126, 8489
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c01282

Designing lithium-ion batteries for recycle: The role of adhesives

Sean Scott, Zayd Islam, Jack Allen, Tanongsak Yingnakorn, Ali Alflakian, Jamie Hathaway, Alireza Rastegarpanah, Gavin D.J. Harper, Emma Kendrick, Paul A. Anderson, Jacqueline Edge, Laura Lander and Andrew P. Abbott

Next Energy, 2023, 1, 100023
DOI: 10.1016/j.nxener.2023.100023

Effect of organic solvent additives on the enhancement of ultrasonic cavitation effects in water for lithium-ion battery electrode delamination

Chunhong Lei, Ben Jacobson, Jennifer M. Hartley, Sean Scott, Iwan Sumarlan, Andrew Feeney, Paul Prentice, Karl S. Ryder and Andrew P. Abbott

Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 2024, 110, 107049
DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2024.107049

Synthesis of ester-based polymers as superior nanoparticle adhesives for lithium-ion battery separators

Guanghua Huang, Zhenye Liang, Haitao Lv, Jiayu Wan, Qiang Zhang and Hanlin Hu

Journal of Power Sources, 2025, 650, 237524
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.237524

A reusable deep eutectic solvent for the regeneration of Li and Co metals from spent lithium-ion batteries

Honghu Li, Nuoya Chen, Weifeng Liu, Huazhang Feng, Jingyun Su, Dongju Fu, Xuguang Liu, Mingxia Qiu and Luyang Wang

Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2023, 966, 171517
DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.171517

Preprocessing of spent lithium-ion batteries for recycling: Need, methods, and trends

Hayder Ali, Hassan Abbas Khan and Michael Pecht

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2022, 168, 112809
DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2022.112809

Sulfur-containing soft Lewis base polymers for improved lithium-ion conductivity under polymer-in-salt conditions

Akinari Chiba, Kan Hatakeyama-Sato and Kenichi Oyaizu

Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan, 2024, 97
DOI: 10.1093/bulcsj/uoae048

Responsible battery disposal management practices: An investigation in the electric vehicle industry from a circular economy perspective

A.S. Balakrishnan, Ramakrishnan Ramanathan, Usha Ramanathan and Ramakrishna (Ramki) Srinivasan

Journal of Environmental Management, 2025, 383, 125488
DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.125488

Cathode Active Material Recycling from Spent Lithium Batteries: A Green (Circular) Approach Based on Deep Eutectic Solvents

Riccardo Morina, Daniele Callegari, Daniele Merli, Giancarla Alberti, Piercarlo Mustarelli and Eliana Quartarone

ChemSusChem, 2022, 15
DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102080

Managing the surge: A comprehensive review of the entire disposal framework for retired lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles

Ruohan Guo, Feng Wang, M. Akbar Rhamdhani, Yiming Xu and Weixiang Shen

Journal of Energy Chemistry, 2024, 92, 648
DOI: 10.1016/j.jechem.2024.01.055

Cost modelling and key drivers in lithium-ion battery recycling

Lisa Schlott, Moritz Gutsch and Jens Leker

Nat. Rev. Clean Technol., 2025, 1, 656
DOI: 10.1038/s44359-025-00095-5

Novel Ionic Liquid-Based Aqueous Biphasic System with Amino Acids for Critical Metal Recovery from Lithium-Ion Batteries

Chunqing Cai, Takafumi Hanada, Adroit T. N. Fajar and Masahiro Goto

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2022, 61, 5306
DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c00295

Development of a Reverse Logistics Modeling for End-of-Life Lithium-Ion Batteries and Its Impact on Recycling Viability—A Case Study to Support End-of-Life Electric Vehicle Battery Strategy in Canada

Giovanna Gonzales-Calienes, Ben Yu and Farid Bensebaa

Sustainability, 2022, 14, 15321
DOI: 10.3390/su142215321