Key components and design strategy of the membrane electrode assembly for alkaline water electrolysis

Lei Wan, Ziang Xu, Qin Xu, Maobing Pang, Dongcheng Lin, Jing Liu and Baoguo Wang

Energy Environ. Sci., 2023, 16, 1384
DOI: 10.1039/D3EE00142C

High performance water electrolysis using a poly(fluorene phenylpropylammonium) anion-exchange membrane with 2 M aqueous KOH

Matteo Rossini, Dong Pan, Burak Koyutürk, Si Chen, Amirreza Khataee, Göran Lindbergh, Patric Jannasch and Ann Cornell

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2024, 12, 12826
DOI: 10.1039/D4TA01057D

Deep reconstruction of Ni–Al-based pre-catalysts for a highly efficient and durable anion-exchange membrane (AEM) electrolyzer

Tao Jiang, Xinge Jiang, Vasileios Kyriakou, Karel Bouzek and Hanlin Liao

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2023, 11, 26011
DOI: 10.1039/D3TA05775E

Critical challenges and opportunities for the commercialization of alkaline electrolysis: high current density, stability, and safety

Jiseok Kwon, Seunggun Choi, Chanjin Park, Hyuksu Han and Taeseup Song

Mater. Chem. Front., 2024, 8, 41
DOI: 10.1039/D3QM00730H

Poly(arylene piperidinium) terpolymer membranes with dual piperidinium cations and semi-fluoroalkyl pendants for anion exchange membrane water electrolyzers

Vikrant Yadav, Kenji Miyatake, Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed Mahmoud, Fanghua Liu, Fang Xian, Lin Guo, Chun Yik Wong, Toshio Iwataki, Makoto Uchida and Katsuyoshi Kakinuma

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2024, 12, 25429
DOI: 10.1039/D4TA03630A

Advanced development of anion-exchange membrane electrolyzers for hydrogen production: from anion-exchange membranes to membrane electrode assemblies

Yun Chao Lei, Jiayang Zhou, Wentao Zhou, Yan Wang, Mengyang Zhang, Anlei Zhang and Longlu Wang

Chem. Commun., 2024, 60, 11000
DOI: 10.1039/D4CC03043E

Activation of low-cost stainless-steel electrodes for efficient and stable anion-exchange membrane water electrolysis

Tao Jiang, Leila Zouridi, Nannan Li, Vassilios Binas, Marc. C. A. Stuart, P. V. Aravind, Bayu Jayawardhana, Paolo P. Pescarmona and Vasileios Kyriakou

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2024, 12, 29909
DOI: 10.1039/D4TA04762A

Recent progress in understanding the catalyst layer in anion exchange membrane electrolyzers – durability, utilization, and integration

Emily K. Volk, Melissa E. Kreider, Stephanie Kwon and Shaun M. Alia

EES Catal., 2024, 2, 109
DOI: 10.1039/D3EY00193H

A poly(naphthalene-co-biphenyl piperidinium)-based highly conductive and durable anion exchange membrane for electrochemical energy devices

Avoy Mondal and Bijay P. Tripathi

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2025, 13, 22504
DOI: 10.1039/D5TA02672E

Unraveling the impact of reverse currents on electrode stability in anion exchange membrane water electrolysis

Naveen Guruprasad, John van der Schaaf and Matheus T. de Groot

Journal of Power Sources, 2024, 613, 234877
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2024.234877

Mo-modified NiFe LDH nanoflower anode catalyst synthesized via a top-down etching method for anion exchange membrane water electrolysis

Weiqi Guo, Xupeng Yan, Qichen Lu, An Zheng, Jinyi Wang, Nan Jiang, Wei Wang, Guangshan Li, Liping Liu, Gang Li, Hui Li and Zhibo Ren

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2025, 145, 237
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.05.409

Side-chain type PPO based anion exchange membrane with steric hindrance containing dual conduction sites

Zhiyan Sui, Zhe Wang, Song Wang and Yan Wang

Electrochimica Acta, 2024, 496, 144511
DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2024.144511

Progress in constructing high-performance anion exchange Membrane: Molecular design, microphase controllability and In-device property

Bowen Yang and Zhang Cunman

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2023, 457, 141094
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2022.141094

High-performance anion-exchange membrane water electrolysers using NiX (X = Fe,Co,Mn) catalyst-coated membranes with redox-active Ni–O ligands

M. Klingenhof, H. Trzesniowski, S. Koch, J. Zhu, Z. Zeng, L. Metzler, A. Klinger, M. Elshamy, F. Lehmann, P. W. Buchheister, A. Weisser, G. Schmid, S. Vierrath, F. Dionigi and P. Strasser

Nat Catal, 2024, 7, 1213
DOI: 10.1038/s41929-024-01238-w

Recent Progress and Perspective in Pure Water‐Fed Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzers

Shajahan Shaik, Joyjit Kundu, Yuliang Yuan, Wonsuk Chung, Donggu Han, Ung Lee, Hongwen Huang and Sang‐Il Choi

Advanced Energy Materials, 2024, 14
DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202401956

Catalytic electrode comprising a gas diffusion layer and bubble-involved mass transfer in anion exchange membrane water electrolysis: A critical review and perspectives

Ning Yang, Haonan Li, Xiao Lin, Stella Georgiadou, Liang Hong, Zhaohua Wang, Fan He, Zhifu Qi and Wen-Feng Lin

Journal of Energy Chemistry, 2025, 105, 669
DOI: 10.1016/j.jechem.2024.12.073

Electrode Separators for the Next-Generation Alkaline Water Electrolyzers

David Aili, Mikkel Rykær Kraglund, Sinu C. Rajappan, Dmytro Serhiichuk, Yifan Xia, Valadoula Deimede, Joannis Kallitsis, Chulsung Bae, Patric Jannasch, Dirk Henkensmeier and Jens Oluf Jensen

ACS Energy Lett., 2023, 8, 1900
DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.3c00185

Current Status of Green Hydrogen Production Technology: A Review

Ayiguzhali Tuluhong, Qingpu Chang, Lirong Xie, Zhisen Xu and Tengfei Song

Sustainability, 2024, 16, 9070
DOI: 10.3390/su16209070

PEM Electrolyzer Digital Replica based on internal resistance determination applied to hydrogen energy storage

Francisco Javier Folgado, Isaías González and Antonio José Calderón

Journal of Energy Storage, 2024, 75, 109694
DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2023.109694

Effects of cationic groups on poly(biphenyl alkylene)-based anion-exchange membranes for water electrolyzer

Yuntong Nie, Ling Fan, Jiayuan Mao, Junyang Pan, Chuan Hu, Aimei Zhu, Yanzhen Hong, Zhaoxiong Xie and Qiugen Zhang

Journal of Membrane Science, 2025, 735, 124556
DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2025.124556

High mechanical performance Brominated Poly(aryl piperidinium) anion exchange membranes based on non-covalent crosslinking

Jingyi Wu, Jialin Zhao, Na Li, Yijia Lei, Yan Wang, Song Wang, Yiman Gu, Yanchao Zhang, Junjian Yu, Jian Gao, Zhanyu Li and Zhe Wang

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2024, 62, 1043
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.03.064

High-valent metal site incorporated heterointerface catalysts for high-performance anion-exchange membrane water electrolysers

Gwan Hyun Choi, N. Clament Sagaya Selvam, Hyunwoo Kim, Young Sang Park, Jiyoon Jung, Myeong Gyun Nam, Hyo Sang Jeon, Albert S. Lee, Won-Sub Yoon and Pil J. Yoo

Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2023, 333, 122816
DOI: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2023.122816

Durable and highly-efficient anion exchange membrane water electrolysis using poly(biphenyl alkylene) membrane

Zhangtang Jiang, Guiqin Yi, Xin Yao, Yichang Ma, Xiangyu Su, Qinglin Liu and Qiugen Zhang

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2023, 467, 143442
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2023.143442

A Hydrophilic Polyethylene Glycol-Blended Anion Exchange Membrane to Facilitate the Migration of Hydroxide Ions

Huaiming Gao, Chenglou Jin, Xia Li, Yat-Ming So and Yu Pan

Polymers, 2024, 16, 1464
DOI: 10.3390/polym16111464

Ionic Triptycene Additive-Blended Poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide)-Based Anion Exchange Membranes for Water Electrolyzers

Seong Jin An, Ji Eun Kim, Somi Yu, Ki Jung Kim, MinJoong Kim, Jong Hak Kim, Jae Hun Lee and Won Seok Chi

ACS Appl. Energy Mater., 2023, 6, 8929
DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.3c01538

Three-dimensional copper cobalt hydroxide electrode for anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer

Seo Hyun Park, Seung Hun Lee, Jae-Yeop Jeong, Hyunsoo Jin, Jun Seok Ha, Sung Jun Lee, In Tae Kim, Chiho Kim, Sookyung Kim, Mooki Bae, Hyunju Lee, Sung Mook Choi, Yangdo kim and Yoo Sei Park

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2023, 48, 29877
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.04.147

Stability of Ni–Fe‐Layered Double Hydroxide Under Long‐Term Operation in AEM Water Electrolysis

Irina Galkina, Alaa Y. Faid, Wulyu Jiang, Fabian Scheepers, Patrick Borowski, Svein Sunde, Meital Shviro, Werner Lehnert and Anna K. Mechler

Small, 2024, 20
DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311047

All Platinum-Group-Metal-Free Alkaline Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzers Using Direct Hydrothermal Catalyst Deposition on Raney Ni Substrate

Malte Klingenhof, Sören Selve, Christian M. Günther, Johannes Schmidt, Fatemeh Razmjooei, Peter Strasser and Syed-Asif Ansar

ACS Appl. Energy Mater., 2024, 7, 6856
DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.4c01647

Evaluation of anion exchange membrane water electrolysis performance using synthesised NiMoO4/Ni cathode via solution combustion synthesis in applied thermal reduction approach

Noradiba Nordin, Wei Shi Ng, Nurulfasihah Azhar, Siti Nur Amira Shaffee, Nur Azimah Abd Samad and Rozan Mohamad Yunus

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2025, 104, 416
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.07.050

Heterogeneous interface mismatch-manipulated ruthenium-immobilized binary metal phosphide-layered 2D V2CTx for high-efficiency water electrolysis

Deepanshu Malhotra, Duy Thanh Tran, Sampath Prabhakaran, Do Hwan Kim, Nam Hoon Kim and Joong Hee Lee

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2025, 512, 162665
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2025.162665

Oriented intergrowth of the catalyst layer in membrane electrode assembly for alkaline water electrolysis

Lei Wan, Maobin Pang, Junfa Le, Ziang Xu, Hangyu Zhou, Qin Xu and Baoguo Wang

Nat Commun, 2022, 13
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35603-9

Advancements in anion exchange membrane electrolysers: from catalysts to life cycle assessment

Feriel Mustapha, Damien Guilbert and Bodo Gross

International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 2025, 44
DOI: 10.1080/14786451.2025.2520812

Advances and promotion strategies of membrane-based methods for extracting lithium from brine

Yu-ning Zhang, De-hao Yu, Chen-yu Jia, Li-yue Sun, Ang Tong, Yao Wang, Yan-xin Wang, Lin-jun Huang and Jian-guo Tang

Desalination, 2023, 566, 116891
DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2023.116891

The properties of ethylamine dehydrogenation and electrolysis using platinum catalyst for efficient, ambient hydrogen production

Jialu Li, Jinyao Tang, Dezhen Wu, Libo Yao and Zhenmeng Peng

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2023, 48, 36286
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.06.037

Titanium germanium carbide MAX phase electrocatalysts for supercapacitors and alkaline water electrolysis processes

Zahra Ansarian, Alireza Khataee, Yasin Orooji, Amirreza Khataee, Samira Arefi-Oskoui and Ehsan Ghasali

Materials Today Chemistry, 2023, 33, 101714
DOI: 10.1016/j.mtchem.2023.101714

A review on membranes for anion exchange membrane water electrolyzers

Hasan Altinisik, Ceren Celebi, Adnan Ozden, Yılser Devrim and C. Ozgur Colpan

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2026, 226, 116277
DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2025.116277

Lithium-Ion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis Using a Cationic Polymer-Modified Polyethersulfone Membrane

Yong-Soo Lee, Deok-Hye Park, Seon-Ha Park, Yun-Hui Gu, Da-Mi Lim, Sang-Beom Han and Kyung-Won Park

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2023, 11, 10183
DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c02577

PGM-Free Electrocatalytic Layer Characterization by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy of an Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzer with Nafion Ionomer as the Bonding Agent

Artem S. Pushkarev, Irina V. Pushkareva, Stephanus P. du Preez and Dmitri G. Bessarabov

Catalysts, 2023, 13, 554
DOI: 10.3390/catal13030554

Valorisation of alkali from tungsten leaching solution using diffusion dialysis and selective electrodialysis for anion-exchange membrane water electrolysis

Weicheng Fu, Zihao Wang, Duyi He, Junying Yan, Shuang Wu, Zhenzhen Cui, Baoying Wang, Rongqiang Fu, Zhaoming Liu, Yaoming Wang and Tongwen Xu

Desalination, 2024, 580, 117517
DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2024.117517

On the Operational Conditions’ Effect on the Performance of an Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzer: Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Study

Irina V. Pushkareva, Maksim A. Solovyev, Sergey I. Butrim, Margarita V. Kozlova, Dmitri A. Simkin and Artem S. Pushkarev

Membranes, 2023, 13, 192
DOI: 10.3390/membranes13020192

Review of AEM Electrolysis Research from the Perspective of Developing a Reliable Model

Rafal Bernat, Jaroslaw Milewski, Olaf Dybinski, Aliaksandr Martsinchyk and Pavel Shuhayeu

Energies, 2024, 17, 5030
DOI: 10.3390/en17205030

Electrochemical performance of Ni–Fe–Co spinel anodes with a nanorod structure in anion exchange membrane water electrolyzers

Ataollah Niyati, Arianna Moranda and Ombretta Paladino

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2025, 144, 124
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.06.018

Polybenzimidazole‐Reinforced Terphenylene Anion Exchange Water Electrolysis Membranes

Rossana Gentile, Sabrina C. Zignani, Marta Zatoń, Marc Dupont, Frédéric Lecœur, Nicolas Donzel, Alina Amel, Ervin Tal‐Gutelmacher, Angela Salanitro, Antonino S. Aricó, Sara Cavaliere, Deborah J. Jones and Jacques Rozière

ChemSusChem, 2024, 17
DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400825

Femtosecond laser-induced surface structuring of porous nickel substituting anodic catalyst layers for alkaline oxygen evolution reaction

Haujin Salih, Maximilian Cieluch, Philipp L. Maack, Norbert Kazamer, Florian Wirkert, Ulrich Rost, Cemal Esen and Michael Brodmann

Applied Surface Science Advances, 2025, 27, 100756
DOI: 10.1016/j.apsadv.2025.100756

Advances in anion exchange membrane ion transport channels for hydrogen production from electrolytic water: Performance optimization and transport mechanisms

Jinsha Zheng, Jiayuan Yan, Yonghao Dong, Sirui Chen, Feixiang Gong, Yongzhe Yang, Jin Wang, Lei Wang and Xudong Wang

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2025, 169, 151191
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.151191

Vinylbenzyl Chloride/Styrene-Grafted SBS Copolymers via TEMPO-Mediated Polymerization for the Fabrication of Anion Exchange Membranes for Water Electrolysis

Andrea Roggi, Elisa Guazzelli, Claudio Resta, Gabriele Agonigi, Antonio Filpi and Elisa Martinelli

Polymers, 2023, 15, 1826
DOI: 10.3390/polym15081826

A comprehensive overview of polyphenylene oxide-based anion exchange membranes from the perspective of ionic conductivity and alkaline stability

W.K. Ng, W.Y. Wong, K.S. Loh, M.S. Masdar, N. Shaari and M.M. Pang

Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 2024, 138, 49
DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2024.04.012

Separators and Membranes for Advanced Alkaline Water Electrolysis

Dirk Henkensmeier, Won-Chul Cho, Patric Jannasch, Jelena Stojadinovic, Qingfeng Li, David Aili and Jens Oluf Jensen

Chem. Rev., 2024, 124, 6393
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00694

Alkaline stable cross-linked anion exchange membrane based on steric hindrance effect and microphase-separated structure for water electrolyzer

Murli Manohar, Jae Hun Lee, Hyeonjung Park, Yong Woo Choi, Byeong-Seon An, Justin Albers, Gisu Doo, Sechan Lee, Changsoo Lee, Jongsu Seo, Won Chul Cho, Hyun-Seok Cho and MinJoong Kim

Materials Today Energy, 2025, 47, 101739
DOI: 10.1016/j.mtener.2024.101739

Porous Transport Layers for Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis: The Impact of Morphology and Composition

Melissa E. Kreider, Ambar R. Maldonado Santos, Arielle L. Clauser, Matthew E. Sweers, Leiming Hu, Emily K. Volk, Ai-Lin Chan, Joshua D. Sugar and Shaun M. Alia

ACS Electrochem., 2025, 1, 897
DOI: 10.1021/acselectrochem.4c00207

Advancements in commercial anion exchange membranes: A review of membrane properties in water electrolysis applications

Gede Herry Arum Wijaya, Kwang Seop Im and Sang Yong Nam

Desalination and Water Treatment, 2024, 320, 100605
DOI: 10.1016/j.dwt.2024.100605

Experimental and computational strategies for the enhancement of anion exchange membranes for electrochemical applications: A review

Eleonora Tomasino, Paolo Scardi and Narges Ataollahi

MRS Energy & Sustainability, 2025
DOI: 10.1557/s43581-025-00136-3

Phase Transformation of Needle‐Like Fe‐Co0.85Se to Hexagonal Fe‐Co3O4 for Enhanced High‐Current‐Density Oxygen Evolution via Lattice Oxygen Redox

Yo Seob Won, Balakrishnan Kirubasankar, Hyung‐Jin Kim, Ik Seon Kwon, Jae Woo Kim, Hayoung Ko, Young‐Kyu Han, Soo Min Kim and Ki Kang Kim

Small, 2025, 21
DOI: 10.1002/smll.202505220

Polybenzimidazoles incorporating imidazole N-spirocyclic quaternary ammonium cation for anion exchange membranes water electrolysis

Maolian Guo, Tao Ban, Yajie Wang, Xinxin Wang, Zihui Wang and Xiuling Zhu

Journal of Membrane Science, 2023, 684, 121903
DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2023.121903

Standalone electricity supply system with solar hydrogen and fuel cell: Possible to get rid of storage batteries?

Ramchandra Bhandari

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2025, 104, 599
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.08.037

Unlocking development of green hydrogen production through techno-economic assessment of wind energy by considering wind resource variability: A case study

Nurry Widya Hesty, Aminuddin, Nina Konitat Supriatna, Dian Galuh Cendrawati, Vetri Nurliyanti, Agus Nurrohim, Silvy Rahmah Fithri, Nona Niode and Muhammad Indra Al Irsyad

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2025, 138, 1249
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.09.294

Cross-linked polysulfone membranes with controllable cross-linkers for anion-exchange membrane water electrolysis

Eun Ji An, Gi Hyo Sim, Somi Yu, Hyung Gwon Kim, Seong Jin An, Changsoo Lee, MinJoong Kim, Jong Hak Kim, Jae Hun Lee and Won Seok Chi

European Polymer Journal, 2024, 221, 113543
DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2024.113543

Review of electric hydrogen production technology combined with technology maturity analysis

Chang Zheng, Liting Zhang, Qifen Li, Yongwen Yang, Chunyan Zhang and Zhenlan Dou

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2025, 98, 429
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.12.056

Optimizing the PTFE wetproofing of nickel porous transport layers for anion exchange membrane water electrolyzers

Mohammed Al-Murisi, Sriram Mosali, Mahmoud Amirsalehi, Prabhu Ganesan, Héctor R. Colón-Mercado and William E. Mustain

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2025, 134, 92
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.04.464

A Comparative Study of Alternative Polymer Binders for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

Wilhelm Heinrich le Roux, Rueben Pfukwa, Jan Josef Weigand and Anzel Falch

Electrocatalysis, 2025
DOI: 10.1007/s12678-025-00976-0

Electrochemical Performance of Engineered NiCo2O4 in AEM Water Electrolyzers: Direct-Growth vs Spray-Coated Anode

Ataollah Niyati, Arianna Moranda, Sebastiano Bellani, Thi Hong Hanh Le, Michele Ferri and Ombretta Paladino

ACS Appl. Energy Mater., 2025, 8, 12039
DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.5c01487

Commercial Anion Exchange Membranes (AEMs) for Fuel Cell and Water Electrolyzer Applications: Performance, Durability, and Materials Advancement

Wei Ng, Wai Wong, Nur Rosli and Kee Loh

Separations, 2023, 10, 424
DOI: 10.3390/separations10080424

Green Hydrogen Production by Low‐Temperature Membrane‐Engineered Water Electrolyzers, and Regenerative Fuel Cells

Alexandre Bodard, Zhangsen Chen, Oumayma ELJarray and Gaixia Zhang

Small Methods, 2024, 8
DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202400574

Production of the porous transport layer based on stainless steel felt for anion exchange membrane water electrolysis

Longxu Li, Wenxing Jiang, Qiqi Wan, Endao Zhang, Bang Li, Lei Yuan, Guangfu Li, Junbo Hou, Xiaodong Zhuang, Junliang Zhang and Changchun Ke

Electrochimica Acta, 2025, 513, 145598
DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2024.145598