Issue 3, 2024

Laser-induced reduced graphene oxide for high-performance electrochemical sensors of antipyretic drug in real samples

Abstract

Laser-induced graphene (LIG) has gained dominance recently as a very sought after material for fabrication, patterning graphitic structures, and electrodes for various applications in electronics. In this study, we increase the ability of RGO-graphitized nanosheets by carefully regulating the laser fluence. We used an advanced cutting-edge technique for direct writing with a pulse laser in an open atmosphere to reduce graphite oxide nanosheets in aqueous media. The nano-sized RGO was confirmed as being produced by converting the sp3 structure to sp2 reduced form. The laser-induced RGO-1-3 were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Non-agglomerated and different porous nanostructures of RGO-1–3 were successfully obtained during laser irradiation. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was performed and high surface-active edge reactive regions were found after laser irradiation of the RGO nanostructures, which promoted excellent electrochemical detection performance with rapid electron transfer, in a low potential window. All LI-RGO nanostructures were fabricated on GCE to determine their capacity for the precise detection of acetaminophen using CV and DPV voltametric techniques. In particular, the RGO-3/GCE fabricated electrode exhibited the lowest level of 5.2 nanomolar detection of acetaminophen with an outstanding sensitivity of 2.7271 μA Mm−1 cm−2. The designed RGO-3/GCE electrode also exhibited remarkable reproducibility, selectivity, and stability. In addition, the RGO-3/GCE device was successfully investigated for the detection of an antipyretic pharmaceutical drug in river and human urine samples and showed excellent results. In the search for acetaminophen, the RGO-3/GCE fabricated device can be a low-cost and reliable RGO GCE electrode.

Graphical abstract: Laser-induced reduced graphene oxide for high-performance electrochemical sensors of antipyretic drug in real samples

Supplementary files

Article information

Article type
Paper
Submitted
30 loka 2023
Accepted
22 joulu 2023
First published
25 tammi 2024

Environ. Sci.: Nano, 2024,11, 951-968

Laser-induced reduced graphene oxide for high-performance electrochemical sensors of antipyretic drug in real samples

K. Hwa, R. Murugan, S. Tseng, A. Santhan and J. Lin, Environ. Sci.: Nano, 2024, 11, 951 DOI: 10.1039/D3EN00780D

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