Uncovering gunshot residue flow and deposition mechanisms using novel visualization methods, real-time atmospheric particle sampling, and spectrochemical techniques

Thomas D. Ledergerber, Matthew Staymates, Kourtney A. Dalzell, Luis E. Arroyo, Roger Jefferys and Tatiana Trejos

Anal. Methods, 2025, 17, 3415
DOI: 10.1039/D4AY02283A

A feasibility study of direct analysis in real time-mass spectrometry for screening organic gunshot residues from various substrates

Thomas D. Ledergerber, William Feeney, Luis Arroyo and Tatiana Trejos

Anal. Methods, 2023, 15, 4744
DOI: 10.1039/D3AY01258A

Response to commentary on “Transfer and persistence studies of inorganic and organic gunshot residues using synthetic skin membranes Forensic Chemistry 34 (2023) 10498”

Forensic Chemistry, 2023, 36, 100536
DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2023.100536

The metabolite profiling of 3,4‐dicaffeoylquinic acid in Sprague–Dawley rats using ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography equipped with linear ion trap‐Orbitrap MS

Yuanyuan Zhao, Yiran Ren, Zhenqing Liu, Zijian Wang and Ying Liu

Biomedical Chromatography, 2022, 36
DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5276

Persistence of organic and inorganic gunshot residues on hands, forearms, and face of shooters 24hours after a high number of discharges

Virginie Redouté Minzière, Thomas Tilborg, Anne-Laure Gassner, Matteo Gallidabino, Claude Roux and Céline Weyermann

Forensic Science International, 2026, 113032
DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2026.113032

Interpol Review of Gunshot Residue 2019 to 2021

Sébastien Charles, Nadia Geusens and Bart Nys

Forensic Science International: Synergy, 2023, 6, 100302
DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2022.100302

Towards more relevance in forensic science research and development

Céline Weyermann, Sheila Willis, Pierre Margot and Claude Roux

Forensic Science International, 2023, 348, 111592
DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111592

Technical note: Influence of the drying position and time on the persistence of gunshot residues on fabrics

Julia Fischer, Virginie Redouté Minzière, Denis Werner, Balthasar Jung and Céline Weyermann

Forensic Science International, 2023, 350, 111810
DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111810

Characterization and classification of organic gunshot residue from neat smokeless powder, cartridge cases, and the hands of known shooters

Thomas D. Ledergerber, Liliana Barbosa, Kourtney Dalzell, Luis Arroyo and Tatiana Trejos

Forensic Chemistry, 2025, 45, 100683
DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2025.100683

Advanced forensic detection of gunshot residues using luminescent lanthanide metal–organic framework

Mayukh Chatterjee, Subhashis Samanta, Gaurab Som, Sandip Karmakar, Totan Ghosh and Buddhadeb Chakraborty

Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 2026, 354, 127626
DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2026.127626

Forensic implications of organic gunshot residue (OGSR) degradation in delayed evidence collection scenarios: An assessment of environmental stressors on OGSR stability using Raman Spectroscopy

Sreelakshmi Krishna and Pooja Ahuja

Vibrational Spectroscopy, 2026, 144, 103918
DOI: 10.1016/j.vibspec.2026.103918

A feasibility study of chromatographic methods with mass spectrometry, flame ionization detector (FID), and micro electron capture detector (μECD) for laboratory adoption of organic gunshot residue analysis at trace levels

Addio Fiordigigli, Thomas Ledergerber, Monica Joshi, Kourtney Dalzell, Tatiana Trejos and Luis Arroyo

Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2026
DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.70386

Evaluation of organic and inorganic gunshot residues in various populations using LC-MS/MS

William Feeney, Korina Menking-Hoggatt, Luis Arroyo, James Curran, Suzanne Bell and Tatiana Trejos

Forensic Chemistry, 2022, 27, 100389
DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2021.100389

Forensic Detection: A Comprehensive Review of SERS Mechanisms and Applications

Karishma Murali, Dhatchayani Murugan, Ravi Pathak, Ankit Chauhan, Sandeep Munjal, Sruthi P. Usha and Anand M. Shrivastav

ACS Appl. Opt. Mater., 2026, 4, 695
DOI: 10.1021/acsaom.6c00017

Contribution of Nanotechnology in Forensic Sciences in Uncovering the Hidden Truth

Ravi Kumar Chintapalli and Kakoli Banerjee

ISC, 2025, 39
DOI: 10.24906/isc/2024/v38/i4/49963

Assessment of risk factors and preventive measures for inorganic and organic GSR secondary transfer in arrest scenarios

Kourtney A. Dalzell, Thomas Ledergerber, Madelyn Tymitz, Tatiana Trejos and Luis E. Arroyo

Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2026, 71, 721
DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.70252

Characterizing Organic Gunshot Residues with Low-Frequency Raman and Terahertz Vibrational Spectroscopies

Salvatore Zarrella, Margaret P. Davis, Mary N. Boyden and Timothy M. Korter

ACS Omega, 2026, 11, 8209
DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.5c10754

Development and characterization of ZnO quantum dots for enhanced fluorescent detection of gunshot residue (GSR)

Ndayisaba Prudent, Sreelakshmi Krishna and Pooja Ahuja

J Nanopart Res, 2025, 27
DOI: 10.1007/s11051-025-06497-7

Towards More Relevance in Forensic Science Research and Development

Celine Weyermann, Sheila Willias, Pierre Margot and Claude Roux

SSRN Journal, 2022
DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4201185

Comparison of portable and benchtop electrochemical instruments for detection of inorganic and organic gunshot residues in authentic shooter samples

Kourtney A. Dalzell, Colby E. Ott, Tatiana Trejos and Luis E. Arroyo

Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2022, 67, 1450
DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15049

Chemical Analysis of Gunpowder and Gunshot Residues

Miguel Serol, Samir Marcos Ahmad, Alexandre Quintas and Carlos Família

Molecules, 2023, 28, 5550
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145550

Incorporating organic gunshot residue into the forensic workflow: A study of preservation and stability of the pGSR and OGSR

Kourtney A. Dalzell, Thomas Ledergerber, Tatiana Trejos and Luis E. Arroyo

Forensic Chemistry, 2025, 44, 100651
DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2025.100651

Investigation of Pseudo-residue Existence Obtained from the Hands of Employees in Various Business Lines

Mehmet Erman MERT and Cihat HİLAL

Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 2023, 6, 261
DOI: 10.47495/okufbed.1119195

Prevalence and probabilistic assessment of organic and inorganic gunshot residue and background profiles using LIBS, electrochemistry, and SEM-EDS

Korina Menking-Hoggatt, Colby Ott, Courtney Vander Pyl, Kourtney Dalzell, James Curran, Luis Arroyo and Tatiana Trejos

Forensic Chemistry, 2022, 29, 100429
DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2022.100429

Transfer and persistence studies of inorganic and organic gunshot residues using synthetic skin membranes

Courtney Vander Pyl, Kourtney Dalzell, Korina Menking-Hoggatt, Thomas Ledergerber, Luis Arroyo and Tatiana Trejos

Forensic Chemistry, 2023, 34, 100498
DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2023.100498

Should inorganic or organic gunshot residues be analysed first?

Virginie Redouté Minzière, Olivier Robyr and Céline Weyermann

Forensic Science International, 2023, 348, 111600
DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111600

Capabilities and limitations of GC–MS and LC-MS/MS for trace detection of organic gunshot residues from skin specimens

Courtney Vander Pyl, William Feeney, Luis Arroyo and Tatiana Trejos

Forensic Chemistry, 2023, 33, 100471
DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2023.100471

Noble-Metal-Free Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle Electrodes for Electrochemical Detection of Benzene-Derived Compounds: 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, 2,4-dinitrotoluene, and diphenylamine

Sanghyeon Moon, JeongEun Yoo, Wonjoo Lee and Kiyoung Lee

J. Electrochem. Soc., 2023, 170, 036506
DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/acc27e