Co-construction of sulfur vacancies and carbon confinement in V5S8/CNFs to induce an ultra-stable performance for half/full sodium-ion and potassium-ion batteries

Abstract

The construction of anode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) and potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) with a high energy and a long lifespan is significant and still challenging. Here, sulfur-defective vanadium sulfide/carbon fiber composites (D-V₅S₈/CNFs) are designed and fabricated by a facile electrospinning method, followed by sulfuration treatment. The unique architecture, in which V₅S₈ nanoparticles are confined inside the carbon fiber, provides a short-range channel and abundant adsorption sites for ion storage. Moreover, enlarged interlayer spacings could also alleviate the volume changes, and offer small vdW interactions and ionic diffusion resistance to store more Na and K ions reversibly and simultaneously. The DFT calculations further demonstrate that sulfur defects can effectively facilitate the adsorption behavior of Na⁺ and K⁺ and offer low energy barriers for ion intercalation. Taking advantage of the functional integration of these merits, the D-V₅S₈/CNF anode exhibits excellent storage performance and long-term cycling stability. It reveals a high capacity of 462 mA h g⁻¹ at a current density of 0.2 A g⁻¹ in SIBs, while it is 350 mA h g⁻¹ at 0.1 A g⁻¹ in PIBs, as well as admirable long-term cycling characteristics (190 mA h g⁻¹/17 000 cycles/5 A g⁻¹ for SIBs and 165 mA h g⁻¹/3000 cycles/1 A g⁻¹ for PIBs). Practically, full SIBs upon pairing with a Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ cathode also exhibit superior performance.