Advancements in 2D MXene-based supercapacitor electrodes: synthesis, mechanisms, electronic structure engineering, flexible wearable energy storage for real-world applications, and future prospects

Sujit Anil Kadam, Komal Prakash Kadam and Nihar R. Pradhan

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2024, 12, 17992
DOI: 10.1039/D4TA00328D

Metal-doped Co9S8/MXene nanocomposites for high-performance electrochemical capacitor electrode materials

Qun Yang, Yuan Ji, Wei Zhang, Fan Li, Min Zhou, Lina Ma, Jidong Dong and Zaixing Jiang

New J. Chem., 2024, 48, 12112
DOI: 10.1039/D4NJ00712C

High-performance ternary NiFeCo-LDH nanosheets for supercapacitors by cation modulation and sodium dodecyl sulfonate intercalation

Xiaoming Li, Juan Yang, Junfeng Chen, Junwei Sun, Junpeng Liu, Xiping Cui and Linchi Zou

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2024, 12, 2887
DOI: 10.1039/D3TA06505G

Tailoring NiCoCu layered double hydroxide with Ag-citrate/polyaniline/functionalized SWCNTs nanocomposites for supercapacitor applications

Syed Muhammad Abdullah, Mohsin Ali Marwat, Kanwar Muhammad Adam, Zia Ud Din, Muhammad Humayun, Muhammad Ramzan Abdul Karim, Esha Ghazanfar, Mohamed Bououdina, Umaima Hamayun, Mahmoud Saber Youssef and Hafiz Tauqeer Ali

RSC Adv., 2024, 14, 14438
DOI: 10.1039/D4RA01324G

Morphological control and performance engineering of Co-based materials for supercapacitors

Lin Pan, Dan Wang, Jibiao Wang, Yuan Chu, Xiaosong Li, Wenchang Wang, Naotoshi Mitsuzaki, Shuyong Jia and Zhidong Chen

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2024, 26, 9096
DOI: 10.1039/D3CP06038A

Strategies to enhance the supercapacitance performance of 2D MXenes through defect engineering, doping, hybridization, and magnetic field assistance: recent progress and challenges

Dhilip kumar Chinnalagu, Sathya Arumugam Thirumalai, Surjit Sahoo and Brahmananda Chakraborty

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2026
DOI: 10.1039/D6TA00255B

MOF-derived nickel cobaltite: a pathway to enhanced supercapacitor performance

Periyasamy Sivakumar, Jayaraman Balamurugan, C. Justin Raj, Palaniappan Subramanian, Antonysamy Dennyson Savariraj, Ramu Manikandan and Hyun Jung

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2025, 13, 5961
DOI: 10.1039/D4TA06866A

Optimizing the quantum capacitance of AsXBr/AsYBr ((X ≠ Y) = S, Se and Te) Janus heterostructures for high-performance supercapacitors

Himalay Kolavada, Gaushiya A. Shaikh, P. N. Gajjar and Sanjeev K. Gupta

Mater. Chem. Front., 2024, 8, 2775
DOI: 10.1039/D4QM00345D

Doped and functionalized non-Ti-MXenes for flexible and wearable electronic devices

Shrabani De and Bishnu Prasad Bastakoti

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2025, 13, 855
DOI: 10.1039/D4TA07376B

Fabrication and study of a high output power flexible fabric hydrovoltaic generator

Xiaoyang Zhang, Xuefei Zhang, Xiaoxuan Fan, Hai-Tao Ren, Jia-Horng Lin, Ching-Wen Lou and Ting-Ting Li

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2023, 11, 26173
DOI: 10.1039/D3TA04741E

Synthesis and applications of self-supported porous polymetallic tungstates heterostructure electrodes for high-performance asymmetric supercapacitors

Bin Gao, Ruiyuan Hu, Zhifang Feng, Xiao-Feng Wang, Yulan Meng, Xue-Zhi Song and Zhenquan Tan

Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2024, 979, 173562
DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2024.173562

Atomically engineered Ni3S2/Co9S8 heterointerfaces on carbon backbone enable ultra-stable and high-energy–density supercapacitors

Jinkun Hou, Ruiying Wang, Luchao Yue, Jiancheng Wang, Jie Mi, Liqiang Deng, Azamat Boymirzayev, Jasur Shodmanov and Yu Feng

Chemical Engineering Science, 2026, 321, 122805
DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2025.122805

Bioaugmented design and functional evaluation of low damage implantable array electrodes

Ling Wang, Chenrui Zhang, Zhiyan Hao, Siqi Yao, Luge Bai, Joaquim Miguel Oliveira, Pan Wang, Kun Zhang, Chen Zhang, Jiankang He, Rui L. Reis and Dichen Li

Bioactive Materials, 2025, 47, 18
DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.12.033

Multi-level nanostructures of NiCoP/CNTs/CuO nanowire arrays/Cu foam with excellent electrochemical performance for flexible supercapacitors

Ping-Ping Yao, Anqi Lv, Lu-Di Shi, Hui Xie, Dong-zhi Li, Jia-Li Yu, Cai-Zhen Zhu and Jian Xu

Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2024, 1009, 176847
DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2024.176847

Unveiling the bifunctional roles of Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide in construction of Nb2CTx@MoSe2 heterojunction for fast potassium storage

Ting Wang, Weifang Zhao, Ran Ren, Huilin Lan, Tengfei Zhou, Juncheng Hu and Qingqing Jiang

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2024, 674, 19
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.06.146

MXene Nb2C/MoS2 heterostructure: Nonlinear optical properties and a new broadband saturable absorber for ultrafast photonics

Qing Wu, LiuXing Peng, JinLai Zhao, Kun Sun, Si Chen and WeiChun Huang

Materials Today Physics, 2025, 52, 101678
DOI: 10.1016/j.mtphys.2025.101678

Synergistic MXene/transition metal composites: Engineering high-performance flexible supercapacitors

Wei Li, Jiayi Wang, Kai Wang, Shangru Zhai, Zuoyi Xiao, Qingda An and Yao Tong

Journal of Energy Storage, 2026, 143, 119716
DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2025.119716

Sandwich-like high-performance Ti3C2Tx MXene/NiCo2O4 nanosphere composites for asymmetric supercapacitor application

Wei Wang, Guohui Chen, Weiqi Kong, Junshu Chen, Linyu Pu, Jiaxu Gong, Huan Zhang and Yatang Dai

Journal of Energy Storage, 2024, 86, 111097
DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2024.111097

Enhanced energy storage in dandelion-like NiCo2O4/Ti3C2T MXene composite via heterointerface design for supercapacitor

Yun Zhang, Jin Chen, Yuzhao Ma, Xiaofeng Yang and Yanjun Li

Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2025, 1044, 184623
DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2025.184623

Food Waste-Derived Activated Carbon-Modified Nb2CTx MXene for Supercapacitor Applications

Mehmet Topuz and Fatma Coskun Topuz

Nanomaterials, 2026, 16, 349
DOI: 10.3390/nano16060349

Crystalline NiCo2O4 and amorphous NiCo2S4 heterostructured electrode for high-performance asymmetric supercapacitors

Dan Wang, Jibiao Wang, Yuan Chu, Sujuan Zha, Yanli Chen, Xiaojiao Du, Naotoshi Mitsuzaki, Shuyong Jia and Zhidong Chen

Journal of Energy Storage, 2024, 96, 112614
DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2024.112614

Visible light-activated photoelectrochemical aptasensor for microcystin-LR detection based on DFT-proved Type-Ⅱ heterojunction MoS2/TiO2 NFM

Xilin Liao, Shuping Liu, Liang Li, Shujing Li, Ying Zhang, Feng Zhao, Yunfei Tang and Rangtong Liu

Microchemical Journal, 2025, 212, 113497
DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2025.113497

Constructing ultrahigh capacitance (Co,Mn)(Co,Mn)2O4/Ni(OH)2 electrode for boosted all-solid-state fiber asymmetric supercapacitors

Wei Wang, Mengrui Li, Liang Liu, Xiaoshuang Zhou, Xiankai Li, Kewei Zhang, Lina Chen, Jun Wei and Long Chen

Journal of Power Sources, 2025, 628, 235920
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2024.235920

Biomimetic gradient heterostructured NiCo-PBA@NiCo-LDH CQDs via 3D/2D/0D hierarchical networks for multiscenario-adaptive supercapacitors

Wenxiao Zhang, Yijun Wang, Lin Zhu, Xinyan Wang and Min Lu

Electrochimica Acta, 2025, 543, 147572
DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2025.147572

Covalently bridge metals to biomass carbon for sensing DA and FA with high specificity and sensitivity

Lei Li, Yuanyuan Xu, Zhiyu Chen, Jieyu Zhang, Xuanyu Xiao, Hui Deng, Yujie Zhou, Guoyuan Li, Xuefeng Hu and Yunbing Wang

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2023, 477, 146650
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2023.146650

NiCoP@amorphous carbon composites with 3D core-shell structure for high-performance asymmetric supercapacitors

Chunyu Xu, Yajuan Jiang, Shijie Ren, Tao Huang, Xiuyun Zhang, Guisheng Zhu, Kunpeng Jiang, Yunyun Zhao and Huarui Xu

Journal of Energy Storage, 2024, 99, 113441
DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2024.113441

Unveiling the potential: Asymmetric supercapacitors with conductive polymers/Ti3C2Tx/Ni3S4 electrodes deliver high energy densities

Xuguang Wang, Kai Song, Hongtao Yang, Ruxangul Jamal, Tursun Abdiryim, Abdukeyum Abdurexit, Nana Fan, Yajun Liu, Jiabei Li and Jiachang Liu

Electrochimica Acta, 2024, 507, 145155
DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2024.145155

Venus flytrap-inspired MnP 4/CoP 2 heterojunction with morphology-interface synergistic integration for high-energy-density supercapacitors

Yihui Shen, Yuancong Luo, Cheng Peng, Maozhi Gong, Lingli Cheng, Zhen Li, Xuechun Yang and Zheng Jiao

Nano Research, 2025, 18, 94907756
DOI: 10.26599/NR.2025.94907756

Unveiling magnetite metal-organic frameworks for asymmetric pseudo-supercapacitor with high energy density and magnetocapacitance

Armin Sanei, Mohammad Ali Irani, Eskandar Kolvari, Nadia Koukabi and Kheibar Dashtian

Journal of Energy Storage, 2024, 100, 113759
DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2024.113759

Nonhazardous in-situ exfoliation approach for Ta-Nb2CTx MXenes as sustainable supercapacitor electrode applications

Uzair Ahmed and Ghulam Nabi

Journal of Power Sources, 2025, 653, 237745
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.237745

Porous MXene/transition metal dichalcogenide heterostructure anodes with accelerated charge transfer kinetics for high-energy and long-life sodium-ion hybrid capacitors

Mingming Gao, Jundong Shao, Ying Huang, Xinyi Duan, Sheng Yang, Faxing Wang, Feng Yu, Zaichun Liu, Yao Gao, Panpan Zhang, Yuping Wu and Xing Lu

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2025, 522, 168135
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2025.168135

Morphology Modulation of ZnMn2O4 Nanoparticles Deposited In Situ on Carbon Cloth for Supercapacitors

Changxing Li, Xuansheng Feng, Jixue Zhou, Guochen Zhao, Kaiming Cheng, Huan Yu, Hang Li, Huabing Yang, Dongqing Zhao and Xitao Wang

Metals, 2024, 14, 841
DOI: 10.3390/met14080841

Synergy of Mesoporous Oxygenated MXene Mo2CTx Nanosheets Grafted CoBDC Nanorods for Supercapacitor Applications

Muhammad Faisal Iqbal, Ge Wang, Yuxin Chi, Aamir Razaq, Muhammad Imran and Jing Zhang

Advanced Sustainable Systems, 2025, 9
DOI: 10.1002/adsu.202500968

Porous NiCo2O4 nano-sheet arrays prepared by biomass sacrificial template strategy as electrode material for asymmetric supercapacitors

Chunyu Xu, Shining Zhang, Xiuyun Zhang, Shijie Ren, Chaoying Wang, Yajuan Jiang, Kunpeng Jiang, Guisheng Zhu, Yunyun Zhao and Huarui Xu

Materials Research Bulletin, 2025, 190, 113515
DOI: 10.1016/j.materresbull.2025.113515

Incorporating alkalized Ti3C2Tx MXenes to advance room temperature n-butanol gas sensing of spinel NiCo2O4

Shuangming Wang, Chenlu Hu, Yanxu Feng, Jie Huo, Bosen Zhang, Huiyu Lu, Jiarui Qi, Xinyu Meng, Yanyu Liu, Jing Cao, Jingen Gao and Wei Zhou

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2025, 525, 169995
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2025.169995

Interface engineering of nickel molybdenum nitride@nickel cobalt molybdenum layered double hydroxide heterostructure with enhanced hydroxyl ion adsorption ability for supercapacitors

Liu Wan, Cheng Du, Mingjiang Xie, Jian Chen and Yan Zhang

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2026, 709, 139937
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2026.139937

Construction of NiCoSe2 nanosheets supported on CuNi2S4 nanospheres for advanced hybrid supercapacitors

Xianfeng Sun, Yan Zhang, Cheng Du, Mingjiang Xie, Jian Chen and Liu Wan

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2025, 693, 137622
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2025.137622

Unveiling the potential of M2X MXenes: Structure, properties, synthesis strategies, and supercapacitor applications

Onkar Jaywant Kewate, Iftikhar Hussain, Megha Prajapati, Rita Kumari, Yosephine Intan Ayuningtyas, Dattakumar S. Mhamane, Mukund G. Mali, Mohan V. Jacob, Jeng-Yu Lin, Chhaya Ravi Kant and Sathyanarayanan Punniyakoti

Composites Part B: Engineering, 2025, 296, 112237
DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.112237

Hybrid MXenes for supercapacitors: Advances, mechanisms, and outlook

Sonika and Narinder Singh

Materials Today Physics, 2025, 59, 101947
DOI: 10.1016/j.mtphys.2025.101947

Built-in electric field and oxygen vacancy defects in ZnCdS/Ov-NiCo2O4 schottky heterojunction to achieve efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution

Xin Guo, Linlin Fan, Jiayue Liu, Bo Wen, Youji Li and Zhiliang Jin

Applied Catalysis B: Environment and Energy, 2025, 378, 125586
DOI: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2025.125586

RuO2 nanoclusters embedded bunch-like Co3O4 nanowire array on nickel foam for high performance asymmetric supercapacitors

Zixuan Wang, Feifei Tang, Tong Li, Xiuzheng Jiang, Qun Tian, Ming Wang, Jiangtao Xu, Liang Cui and Jingquan Liu

Journal of Power Sources, 2025, 644, 237118
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.237118

Research Progress of MXene Composites In Electromagetic Wave Absorption

Lanlan Cao, Yong Zhang, Zhenxing Qiu and Xuan Wang

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., 2024, 2706, 012012
DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/2706/1/012012

N‐Doping Fe‐C@Nb2CTx MXenes with High Stability and Strong Activity for Sodium‐Ion Storage and Overall Water Splitting

Hongliang Fu, Yue Lian, Yongfeng Hu, Jing Zhao and Huaihao Zhang

Small, 2025, 21
DOI: 10.1002/smll.202406131

Rich oxygen vacancies 2D-nanoholey NiCo2O4-δ for selective and stable methane electrooxidation to acetaldehyde

Shiyu Jiang, Qiang Zhang, Shuwen Cheng, Jvwei Liu, Xiaohong Fu, Shuyong Shang, Junqiang Xu, Ge He and Zongyou Yin

Journal of Energy Chemistry, 2026, 116, 843
DOI: 10.1016/j.jechem.2026.01.059

Nb-based MXenes: Structures, properties, synthesis, and application towards supercapacitors

Onkar Jaywant Kewate, Iftikhar Hussain, Nidhi Tyagi, Sachin Saxena, Kaili Zhang, Evelyn Gifta Rajamansingh, Nalini Chinnappan, Himani Joshi and Sathyanarayanan Punniyakoti

Journal of Energy Storage, 2024, 94, 112445
DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2024.112445

Interfacial charge engineering of Cu-BTC derived octahedron-like CuS–C@SnO2 p-n heterojunction for boosting energy storage performance

Yanan Chen, Yuanbo Zhao, Yanan Liu, Hongna Xing, Xiuhong Zhu, Juan Feng, Yan Zong, Chunyan Liao, Xinghua Li and Xinliang Zheng

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2024, 95, 43
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.11.226

Phosphorous-doped nickel-cobalt bimetallic molybdate/three-dimensional hierarchical porous carbon for high-efficiency solid-state supercapacitors

Ziyang Cong, Miaomiao Liu, Wei Li, Guoxiang Ma, Kai Wang and Yao Tong

Electrochimica Acta, 2024, 503, 144887
DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2024.144887

Synthesis, Properties, and Typical Applications of MXene‐Based Heterostructure Materials

Baoquan Xiao, Zelin Gao, Hengbiao Zhang, Jiantao Zhang, Shiyuan Wang, Gang Long, Shenghu Wei, Jixing Huang, Runqi Yao, Xingdong Jiang, Fei Ma, Xusheng Xia and Liyun Ding

Adv Materials Inter, 2025, 12
DOI: 10.1002/admi.202500308

Synergistically coupled NiCo₂O₄/MXene heterostructures via electrostatic self-assembly enabling high capacitance and ultrastable supercapacitors

Yi Chen, Jiangtao Jing, Xuedan Xie, Yonghua Wang, Danfeng Cui, Dan Liu and Chenyang Xue

Electrochimica Acta, 2026, 545, 147720
DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2025.147720

Anion Injection in Dielectric Ecosystems to Construct Dual Built‐in Electric Fields for Efficient Electromagnetic Response

Jing Lin, Huiliang Wen, Zhaobo Feng, Ruizhe Hu, Liping Wu, Chongbo Liu, Sen Lin, Yuhui Peng, Yifang Liu and Renchao Che

Adv Funct Materials, 2025, 35
DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202505381

Development of Flexible High‐Efficient Aluminum ion Supercapacitors With 2D Niobium MXene Electrode

Latha Malyala, Sampath Karingula, Thirupathi Bhookya and Gobi K Vengatajalabathy

Energy Storage, 2024, 6
DOI: 10.1002/est2.70012

Harnessing niobium-based MXenes for sensors and energy storage applications: The past, the present and the future

Saheed E. Elugoke, Yared S. Worku, Taiwo W. Quadri, V. V Srinivasu and Eno E. Ebenso

Applied Physics Reviews, 2024, 11
DOI: 10.1063/5.0211843

Nonhazardous in-situ exfoliation approach for Ce-Nb2CTx MXene as highly stable pseudocapacitors electrode material applications

Uzair Ahmed and Ghulam Nabi

Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2025, 13, 115949
DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2025.115949

Advances in MXene-based composites for next-generation flexible supercapacitors: From design and development to applications

Priya Siwach, Latisha Gaba, Sajjan Dahiya, Rajesh Punia, A.S. Maan, Kuldeep Singh, Mohd. Shkir and Anil Ohlan

Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 2025, 342, 103526
DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2025.103526

Non‐Ti (M2X and M3X2) MXenes for Energy Storage/Conversion

Iftikhar Hussain, Abdul Hanan, Faiza Bibi, Onkar Jaywant Kewate, Muhammad Sufyan Javed and Kaili Zhang

Advanced Energy Materials, 2024, 14
DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202401650

Highly hydrovoltaic fabrics based on water evaporation drive for self-powered wearable

Xiaoyang Zhang, Xuefei Zhang, Hai-Tao Ren, Ting-Ting Li and Ching-Wen Lou

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2025, 519, 165215
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2025.165215

Enhanced electrochemical properties of Mn and Cu co-doped nickel cobaltite/rGO nanocomposites for superior supercapacitor electrode materials

Faria Usman, Samra Zeb, Mahwish Afzia, Xianmin Zhang and Rafaqat Ali Khan

Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2026, 354, 132184
DOI: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2026.132184

Construction of advanced Nb9VO25 electrode material by introducing graphene quantum dot for high energy supercapacitors with exceptionally high diffusive capacitance

Li Xiaoshan, Li Ruiyi, Li Zaijun, Yang Yongqiang and Liu Xiaohao

Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 2025, 141, 269
DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2024.06.036

NiCoMo nano-alloys embedded B,N,O,F,P-rich fibrous 2D-carbon-nanoflakes/MXene nanocomposites with hierarchical structure for high performance supercapacitors

Gopiraman Mayakrishnan, Muhammad Nauman Sarwar, Seungjoon Lee, Chunhong Zhu, Ji Ha Lee, Azeem Ullah and Ick Soo Kim

Adv Compos Hybrid Mater, 2025, 8
DOI: 10.1007/s42114-025-01511-x

Ultra-stable and high-performance battery-capacitor hybrid device via in situ heterojunction optimisation coupled with multi-edge active site carbon

Yujin Li, Duohui Zhang, Xinyu Liu, Tan Liu, Shijie Ni, Huan Peng, Fanbin Meng, Jie Ru and Yang Liu

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2026, 709, 139915
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2026.139915

Phosphorus controlled metal organic framework derived dual phase cobalt phosphide nanoparticles embedded in nitrogen doped carbon scaffold with multiwalled carbon nanotube-MXene for hybrid supercapacitor

Arti A. Jadhav, Amar M. Patil, Ganesh D. Jadhav, Seongyeon Hwang, Muhaiminul Islam, Junghyun Joo, Jongwoo Hong, Kyeounghak Kim, Seong Chan Jun and Umakant M. Patil

Journal of Energy Storage, 2026, 162, 122099
DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.122099

Hierarchical Co3O4@NiCo2O4/C nanofibers engineered via electrospinning‑carbonization synergy for high-performance supercapacitors

Jianjun Wang, Zhiqian Jia, Juan He, Jiaying Liu, Mengjia Wang, Hongxuan Chen and Guiying Xiao

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2025, 521, 167237
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2025.167237

2D Nb-based MXenes Properties, Synthesis, and Applications as Supercapacitors and Gas Sensors

Anuprava Mandal and Soumen Pandit

J. Electron. Mater., 2026, 55, 4005
DOI: 10.1007/s11664-026-12766-5