Progress and perspectives: fluorescent to long-lived emissive multifunctional probes for intracellular sensing and imaging

Shilpi Jaiswal, Subhadeep Das, Subhankar Kundu, Isha Rawal, Prashant Anand and Abhijit Patra

J. Mater. Chem. C, 2022, 10, 6141
DOI: 10.1039/D2TC00241H

Combination of changeable π-conjugation and hydrophilic groups for developing water-soluble small-molecule NIR-II fluorogenic probes

Xiaofan Zhang, Shili Shen, Diankai Liu, Xiaohua Li, Wen Shi and Huimin Ma

Chem. Sci., 2023, 14, 2928
DOI: 10.1039/D3SC00355H

Activatable fluorescent probes for early diagnosis and evaluation of liver injury

Pengxu Lin, Shali Jiang, Ting Liu, Xiaomin Yuan, Kun Luo, Can Xie, Xiongjie Zhao and Liyi Zhou

Analyst, 2024, 149, 638
DOI: 10.1039/D3AN01631E

Selective detection of carboxylesterase 2 activity in cancer cells using an activity-based chemiluminescent probe

Cagri Ozsan, Karishma Kailass, Elyse M. Digby, Toghrul Almammadov, Andrew A. Beharry and Safacan Kolemen

Chem. Commun., 2022, 58, 10929
DOI: 10.1039/D2CC03309G

Near-infrared chemiluminescent probes for monitoring leucine aminopeptidase activity

Haoyun Xue, Jing Yang, Xiuyan Zhao, Zhantao Zhang, Ming Liu and Zhiqian Guo

Chem. Commun., 2025, 61, 10107
DOI: 10.1039/D5CC02329G

Chemical probes for enzyme imaging: challenges in design, synthesis and biomedical applications

Julia Nguyen, Maksymilian Zabijak and Marcin Poręba

Chem. Sci., 2025, 16, 21174
DOI: 10.1039/D5SC05683G

Phenoxy-1,2-dioxetane-based activatable chemiluminescent probes: tuning of photophysical properties for tracing enzymatic activities in living cells

Jagpreet Singh Sidhu, Gurjot Kaur, Atharva Rajesh Chavan, Mandeep K. Chahal and Rajeev Taliyan

Analyst, 2024, 149, 5739
DOI: 10.1039/D4AN01082E

Ultrabright chemiluminescent scaffold for portable visualizing organophosphorus compounds

Chuanfeng Wang, Zhenfei Wu, Mengyuan Hao, Bo Chen, Junru Zhu, Xiaoyan Cui and Ting Wang

Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2023, 388, 133840
DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2023.133840

Synthesis of 5,7-Dichloroadamantan-2-one

M. Yu. Skomorokhov, M. S. Zaborskaya, E. A. Ivleva, A. K. Shiryaev and Yu. N. Klimochkin

Russ J Org Chem, 2023, 59, 395
DOI: 10.1134/S1070428023030065

Ultrasensitive chemiluminescent probe activated by NAG for real-time monitoring of AKI

Liyi Tan, En Liang, Xinhui Zheng, Hanying Ding, Xiaobing Yang, Ting Chen, Xiayu Feng and Kui Cheng

Bioorganic Chemistry, 2025, 164, 108817
DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2025.108817

Chemiluminescence imaging probes for the detection of reactive species and biomolecules in vivo and in vitro

Heng Zhang, Yanyan Huang, Rongxian Huang, Linhai Li and Xu Teng

Talanta, 2026, 298, 129039
DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2025.129039

Review: Recent progress in fluorescent molecular systems for the detection of disease-related biomarkers in biofluids

Ratish R. Nair, Jong Min An, Jaehoon Kim and Dokyoung Kim

Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 2023, 494, 215336
DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215336

Activatable small molecular luminescence probes for autofluorescence-free bioimaging

Xianbao Sun, Lingling Xu, Xiaoyang Liu, Hai-Dong Xu, Wenjun Zhan and Gaolin Liang

TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 2023, 168, 117326
DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.117326

Synthesis of 5,7-dichloro-2-adamantanone

M. Yu. Skomorokhov, M. S Zaborskaya, E. A Ivleva, A. K Shiryaev and Yu. N. Klimochkin

Žurnal organičeskoj himii, 2023, 59, 351
DOI: 10.31857/S0514749223030060

Nuclear-targeted chiral red-emissive carbon dots for visual detection of leucine aminopeptidase in vitro

Shanshan Wei, Chengzhao Wang, Kaixin Hu, Feifei Wang, Boyang Bai, Yufeng An and Guoying Sun

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2025, 318, 145160
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.145160

Defective Site Modulation Strategy for Preparing Single Atom-Dispersed Catalysts as Superior Chemiluminescent Signal Probes

Shuai Luo, Jiaqi Gao, Jiaxin Xian, Hui Ouyang, Lin Wang and Zhifeng Fu

Anal. Chem., 2022, 94, 13533
DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02825

An APN‐Activated Chemiluminescent Probe for Image‐Guided Surgery of Malignant Tumors

Yinghua Liu, Jianfeng Zeng, Qing Li, Minqian Miao, Zhuorun Song, Min Zhao, Qingqing Miao and Mingyuan Gao

Advanced Optical Materials, 2022, 10
DOI: 10.1002/adom.202102709

Enzymatic Activity Profiling Using an Ultrasensitive Array of Chemiluminescent Probes for Bacterial Classification and Characterization

Omri Shelef, Tal Kopp, Rozan Tannous, Maxence Arutkin, Moriah Jospe-Kaufman, Shlomi Reuveni, Doron Shabat and Micha Fridman

J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2024, 146, 5263
DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11790

Ultrasensitive Chemiluminescence Probes Designed from Covalent Inhibitors for SRAS-CoV-2 Mpro Detection

Suping Xia, En Liang, Leisheng Xu, Liyi Tan, Xiaowen Guo and Kui Cheng

Anal. Chem., 2024, 96, 19641
DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c04774

Research progress of small molecule fluorescent probes for liver cancer related enzymes

Xingwei Li, Caixia Yin, Le Zhang and Fangjun Huo

Dyes and Pigments, 2023, 219, 111631
DOI: 10.1016/j.dyepig.2023.111631

Thiol–Chromene “Click” Reaction-Activated Chemiluminescent Probe for Thiol Detection In Vitro and In Vivo

Baoqu Wang, Xiaoxue Tian, Xing-Cong Li, Kui Cheng and Min Xu

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2023, 15, 34505
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c05152

Enzyme-responsive design combined with photodynamic therapy for cancer treatment

Siying Zhi, Meixin Huang and Kui Cheng

Drug Discovery Today, 2024, 29, 103965
DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.103965

Dual-reporter fluorescent probe for precise identification of liver cancer by sequentially responding to carboxylesterase and polarity

Xiaodi Rong, Xiwei Li, Caiyun Liu, Chuanchen Wu, Zhongpeng Wang and Baocun Zhu

Talanta, 2024, 278, 126477
DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126477

Leucine aminopeptidase as a potential biomarker for atherosclerotic diagnose: A dual-modal imaging study in mice and clinical samples

Yuan Ma, Fangkun Yang, Chenhui Zhou, Wenming He, Pengpeng Su, Tian Xu, Zhuang Zhuang, Jian Wang, Kai Wang, Jiaxi Shen, Bo Zhang and Hanbin Cui

Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2026, 457, 139713
DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2026.139713

Design, synthesis, and evaluation of a carboxylesterase detection probe with therapeutic effects

Xia Lin, Min Liu, Qingyuan Yi, Ying Zhou, Jinchan Su, Binyang Qing, Yaqi Lu, Chunxiao Pu, Weisen Lan, Lianjia Zou and Jianyi Wang

Talanta, 2024, 274, 126060
DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126060

1,2‐Dioxetane‐based Chemiluminescence Probes for Tumor Optical Molecular Imaging

Bingjun Zhou, Meilin Xian, Lu Ye, Weiyang Tang and Jian‐Liang Zhou

ChemistrySelect, 2023, 8
DOI: 10.1002/slct.202301826

Directing chemiluminescent dioxetanes to mitochondria: A cationic luminophore enables in vitro and in vivo detection of cancer cells upon enzymatic activation

Hande Gunduz, Alperen Acari, Sultan Cetin, Toghrul Almammadov, Nareg Pinarbasi-Degirmenci, Musa Dirak, Ahmet Cingoz, Eda Kilic, Tugba Bagci-Onder and Safacan Kolemen

Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2023, 383, 133574
DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2023.133574

Recent progress of enzyme-activated small-molecule fluorescent probes in biological systems

Shan-Shan Zhang, Hosoowi Lee, Yongqing Zhou and Juyoung Yoon

Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 2026, 549, 217255
DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2025.217255

A Novel Adamantane-Dioxetane-Based Chemiluminescent Probe for Highly Selective and Sensitive Bioimaging of Hydrogen Peroxide In Vitro and In Vivo

En Liang, Suping Xia, Liyi Tan, Leisheng Xu, Zhuoxian Cao, Xiao Li and Kui Cheng

Anal. Chem., 2025, 97, 10345
DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5c00538

Advances and perspectives in fluorescent probes for imaging hepatopathy-related biomarkers

Wei Quan, Wenhui Song, Qian Zhang, Huawei Huang and Weiying Lin

Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 2023, 497, 215407
DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215407

Pretheranostic agents with extraordinaryNIRF/photoacoustic imaging performanceand photothermal oncotherapy efficacy

Liu Shi, Zhenzhou Chen, Jiaxin Ou, En Liang, Zhipeng Chen, Qiuyue Fu, Lan Huang and Kui Cheng

Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B, 2024, 14, 5370
DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.07.017

Activatable Fluorescence and Bio/Chemiluminescence Probes for Aminopeptidases: From Design to Biomedical Applications

Xiaofeng Wu, Yu Deng, Ying Xu, Heemin Kang, Jing‐Jing Hu, Juyoung Yoon and Gaolin Liang

Advanced Materials, 2024, 36
DOI: 10.1002/adma.202409893

Near-Infrared Fluorescent and Photoacoustic Dual-Mode Probe for Highly Sensitive and Selective Imaging of Cysteine In Vivo

Zhenzhou Chen, Baoqu Wang, Yuqing Liang, Liu Shi, Xiaohong Cen, Lu Zheng, En Liang, Lan Huang and Kui Cheng

Anal. Chem., 2022, 94, 10737
DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01372

Near-Infrared Fluorescence Probe with a New Recognition Moiety for the Specific Detection of Cysteine to Study the Corresponding Physiological Processes in Cells, Zebrafish, and Arabidopsis thaliana

Dongli Jia, Zhao Li, Hongyu Ma, Haiyang Ji, Honglan Qi and Chengxiao Zhang

Anal. Chem., 2024, 96, 6030
DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00467

An Activatable Near‐Infrared Molecular Chemiluminescence Probe for Visualization of NQO1 Activity In Vivo†

Jianyong Liu, Zhongxiang Chen, Hongqi Huo, Lanlan Chen, Ying Wu, Xuan Zhang, Lichao Su, Qian Li and Jibin Song

Chin. J. Chem., 2022, 40, 2400
DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202200300

Gold nanoclusters-incorporated nanogels as hybrid nanozymes for sensitive chemiluminescence immunoassays

Li Dai, Yanan Lou, Lipeng Liu, Qin Wei and Hongmin Ma

Biomedical Analysis, 2024, 1, 280
DOI: 10.1016/j.bioana.2024.11.001

A Molecular Logic Gate for Developing “AND” Logic Probes and the Application in Hepatopathy Differentiation

Mengqi Chen, Chunhong Wang, Zexuan Ding, Hao Wang, Yu Wang and Zhibo Liu

ACS Cent. Sci., 2022, 8, 837
DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c00387

Biocompatible Flash Chemiluminescent Assay Enabled by Sterically Hindered Spiro‐Strained‐Oxetanyl‐1,2‐Dioxetane

Omri Shelef, Anne Krinsky, Moriah Jospe‐Kaufman, Zuzana Babjaková, Micha Fridman, Ronit Satchi‐Fainaro, Urs Spitz and Doron Shabat

Chemistry A European J, 2024, 30
DOI: 10.1002/chem.202402981

Development of a novel near-infrared fluorescent probe based on nile blue for the detection of leucine aminopeptidase as a cancer biomarker

Marcia Domínguez, David Azorín-Soriano, Jessie García-Fleitas, Jennifer Soler-Beatty, Andrea Bernardos, Alba García-Fernández, Juan F. Blandez, Félix Sancenón and Ramón Martínez-Máñez

Dyes and Pigments, 2025, 240, 112827
DOI: 10.1016/j.dyepig.2025.112827

Activity-Triggered Chemiluminescent Probe for α-L-Fucosidase Detection from In Vitro to In Vivo

Leisheng Xu, En Liang, Liyi Tan, Tao Che, Siying Zhi and Kui Cheng

Anal. Chem., 2025, 97, 24468
DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5c04001

Stimuli‐responsive linkers and their application in molecular imaging

Jing Wang, Meng Liu, Xinyue Zhang, Xinning Wang, Menghua Xiong and Dong Luo

Exploration, 2024, 4
DOI: 10.1002/EXP.20230027

Recent Progress of Activity-Based Fluorescent Probes for Imaging Leucine Aminopeptidase

Ze-Jun Li, Cai-Yun Wang, Liang Xu, Zhen-Yu Zhang, Ying-Hao Tang, Tian-Yi Qin and Ya-Long Wang

Biosensors, 2023, 13, 752
DOI: 10.3390/bios13070752

Advances in cancer biomarkers: current detection strategies and challenges

Zhixian Liu, Zhongxi Huang, Xiuyu Chen, Long Zhang, Qiong Wu, Lin Li, Changmin Yu and Jifu Wei

Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 2026, 549, 217242
DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2025.217242

A hepatocyte-targeting fluorescent probe of dicyanomethylene-4H-pyran to detect cysteine in living cells and zebrafish: Design, synthesis and evaluation

Xin Li, Min Liu, Qingyuan Yi, Man Yang, Xinyu Zhang, Ying Shi, Jijun Huang, Qing Liu, Jimin Jiang, Tianbao Wei, Mian Wang and Jianyi Wang

Dyes and Pigments, 2024, 224, 112031
DOI: 10.1016/j.dyepig.2024.112031

Near-infrared Emissive 1,2-Dioxetane-based Chemiluminescent Probes

Yingqi Chen, Richard Budianta and Yingying Ning

Chem. Res. Chin. Univ., 2024, 40, 806
DOI: 10.1007/s40242-024-4166-6

Engineering a highly selective leucine aminopeptidase near-infrared fluorescence probe for early diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy

Yin Liu, Xinru Liu, Qian Liu, Donghong Li, Dan Cheng and Longwei He

Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2024, 402, 135127
DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2023.135127

Supramolecular Hydrogen-Bonding Networks Amplify Luminol/O2 Chemiluminescence by over 4000-Fold: Mechanistic Insights and Biosensing Application

Sipeng Tian, Baobing Tang, Mingzi Sun, Zhangpeng Xu, Tongtong Zhai, Huanhuan Xing, Bolong Huang, Yunling Liu, Jing Li and Erkang Wang

Anal. Chem., 2025, 97, 13442
DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5c01821

Direct and Glow Chemiluminescence of Dual-Stabilizer-Capped Au Nanocrystals for Automatic Immunoassays

Xiaoxuan Ren, Yue Sun, Shengjie Li, Junyuan Bai, Xuwen Gao and Guizheng Zou

Anal. Chem., 2025, 97, 14772
DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5c02425

Enzyme-activatable hemicyanine-based probe for spatiotemporal detection of aminopeptidase N in colitis

Xin-Ke Shao, Lu Fan, Jie-Li Zhou and Kai Wang

Dyes and Pigments, 2026, 244, 113136
DOI: 10.1016/j.dyepig.2025.113136

Chemiluminescent probes in cancer biology

Rachel Blau, Omri Shelef, Doron Shabat and Ronit Satchi-Fainaro

Nat Rev Bioeng, 2023, 1, 648
DOI: 10.1038/s44222-023-00074-0

A highly sensitive and selective chemiluminescent probe for peroxynitrite detection in vitro, in vivo and in human liver cancer tissue

Baoqu Wang, Yating Kong, Xiaoxue Tian and Min Xu

Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2024, 469, 134094
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134094

A novel near-infrared fluorescent probe for real-time monitoring of leucine aminopeptidase activity and metastatic tumor progression

Chen Jin, Longyang Yang, Ning Fang, Bowen Li, Hai-Liang Zhu and Zhen Li

Talanta, 2024, 275, 126151
DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126151

Recent development of chemiluminescence for bioanalysis

Lixia Zhao, Jin Xu, Li Xiong, Silong Wang, Chengzhuo Yu, Jitao Lv and Jin-Ming Lin

TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 2023, 166, 117213
DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.117213

An Azoreductase-Activated Self-monitoring Prodrug for Chemiluminescence Imaging and Safe Chemotherapy Breast Cancer

Tianrong Yang, Ye Wang, Nan Gao, Xiaosong Zhu, Sanjun Zhao, Baoqu Wang and Min Xu

J. Med. Chem., 2026, 69, 3026
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5c02922

A dual-cascade-activatable molecular probe with microenvironment-adapted performance for accurate differentiation of hepatopathy

Ying Wen, Zefeng Hu, Wenhao Tian, Huming Yan, Fangjun Huo and Caixia Yin

Biomaterials, 2025, 322, 123382
DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2025.123382

PaAP-Activatable NIR Probe for Diagnosing, Imaging, and Discovering Small-Molecule Therapeutics against Implant-Associated Biofilm Infections

Kaixuan Liu, Yang Liu, Qinghua Wang, Marc Nazaré, Leilei Zhang, Xiandao Pan and Hai-Yu Hu

J. Med. Chem., 2025, 68, 7827
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5c00588