A novel turn-on fluorescent probe for selective sensing and imaging of glutathione in live cells and organisms

Abstract

We synthesized six 1-oxo-1H-phenalene-2,3-dicarbonitrile (OPD)-based probes with various leaving groups using an arylthioether linker and for the first time identified the probe O-NH₂ capable of highly selective detection of glutathione over cysteine/homocysteine in vitro and in vivo based on an aromatic nuclear substitution reaction (S_NAr) mechanism. The fluorescence of the probe O-NH₂ was quenched because of the photoinduced electron transfer (PET) process, but switched on by a glutathione-triggered specific recognition reaction between the probe O-NH₂ and glutathione. The recognition mechanism for glutathione was explored and verified by theoretical calculations and ESI-MS analysis. Using O-NH₂ as the probe, the GSH fluorescence images were demonstrated in HeLa cells and the intracellular GSH levels in different imatinib-resistant K562 tumor cells were firstly determined. Further, O-NH₂ was utilized to detect glutathione in D. magna and zebrafish embryos. The combined results indicate that O-NH₂ can be applied as an effective tool for detecting glutathione in biological investigations.