A review on the insights into redox-based regeneration strategies for LiFePO4 batteries

Junhui Cai, Yanjuan Li, Shengnv Xu, Yiran Li, ZhanZhan Wang, Jie Liu, Shun Yang and Xiao Yan

Nanoscale, 2025, 17, 12048
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A green strategy for recycling cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries using glutathione

Kunhong Gu, Xingyuan Gu, Yongwei Wang, Wenqing Qin and Junwei Han

Green Chem., 2023, 25, 4362
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Combined pyro-hydrometallurgical technology for recovering valuable metal elements from spent lithium-ion batteries: a review of recent developments

Minyu He, Xi Jin, Xiaogang Zhang, Xinxi Duan, Pengyang Zhang, Liumei Teng, Qingcai Liu and Weizao Liu

Green Chem., 2023, 25, 6561
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Sustainable and facile synthesis of high-performance nitrogen-doped carbon/graphene@LiFePO4 cathode materials from spent LiFePO4

Bo Wang, Yue Li, Xiaoli Zhu, Fengyan Guo, Dingpei Zhang and Hui Wang

New J. Chem., 2024, 48, 10949
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Driving the rapid regeneration of LiFePO4 from spent lithium-ion batteries through one-pot mechanochemical activation

Chenyan Wang, Xuejing Qiu, Gaoyang Shen, Xizhuo Chen, Jiamei Wang, Lingling Xie, Qing Han, Limin Zhu, Jingjing Li and Xiaoyu Cao

Green Chem., 2024, 26, 1501
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Revealing the mechanism of reductive, mechanochemical Li recycling from LiFePO4

David Geiß, Oleksandr Dolotko, Sylvio Indris, Christian Neemann, Andrei Bologa, Thomas Bergfeldt, Michael Knapp and Helmut Ehrenberg

RSC Mechanochem., 2024, 1, 349
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Integrated recycling of valuable elements from spent LiFePO4 batteries: a green closed-loop process

Huixiang Zhou, Yun Zhang, Liqing Li and Zhanfang Cao

Green Chem., 2023, 25, 7696
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Sustainable high-efficiency photocatalytic lithium recovery from spent LiFePO4 batteries: green process design and performance validation

Yinzhuang Fang, Yurong Han, Menglong Yan, Changwen Li, Xiaolong Yan, Jinwei Li, Haowen Wei, Xianbao Wang and Tao Mei

Green Chem., 2025, 27, 13468
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Microwave-assisted synthesis of Co-free Li[Li0.2Ni0.2Mn0.6]O2 cathodes with a spinel-layered coherent structure for high-power Li-ion batteries

Shenggui Wang, Jinniu Chen, Tian Zhao, Xiaoxia Yang, Lang Qiu, Yuankui Wang, Yang Song, Zhonghua Wu, Xiaodong Guo and Kun Yu

Chem. Commun., 2024, 60, 1634
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Hydrometallurgical recycling technologies for spent LiFePO4 batteries: Recent advances and challenges

Chongqing Nong, Haoran Yuan, Zejian Liu, Hui Liu, Jingkun Han, Jing Gu and Yong Chen

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2026, 231, 116725
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Modulating Local Oxygen Coordination to Achieve Highly Reversible Anionic Redox and Negligible Voltage Decay in O2‐Type Layered Cathodes for Li‐Ion Batteries

Xiaoxia Yang, Kai Wang, Jilu Zhang, Hang Li, Hao Liu, Tian Zhao, Xinyue Zhai, Qin Wang, Chengjun Fan, Martin Etter, Sylvio Indris, Weibo Hua and Xiaoping Ouyang

Advanced Energy Materials, 2025, 15
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Cathode consisting of Li1.5Na1.5V2(PO4)3 on fluorinated graphite matrix and nanodiamonds for boosting performances of lithium ion batteries

Zhuo Li, Mingxing Jiao, Mingyu Zhao, Jv Zhang, Xin Zhang, Xiaochen Sun, Junsong Liu and Hongdong Li

Journal of Energy Storage, 2024, 92, 112113
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Efficient Structural Regulation Platform for the Controlled Synthesis of LiFePO4 Cathodes with Shorter Li-Ion Diffusion Paths

Zihao Zheng, Fengli Bei, Lei Zhou, Wenchao Xia, Jitie Sun and Hua Qian

Langmuir, 2024, 40, 2396
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Reinforcing the rapid selective recycling of spent LiFePO4 materials through CO2 aeration under ambient-pressure conditions

Xuejing Qiu, Peixiang Gao, Yinhe Liao, Yuxiang Chen, Yongzhi Liu, Qing Han, Lingling Xie, Limin Zhu and Xiaoyu Cao

Journal of Power Sources, 2025, 640, 236796
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A “two-for-one” strategy to construct a LiFePO4@C cathode with 3D porous framework for high-energy Li-on batteries

Zhenyu Jiang, Shiyue Li, Jie Lu, Jian Du, Yehan Tao, Yi Cheng and Haisong Wang

Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2023, 937, 168402
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Recycling of spent lithium iron phosphate batteries–a review of processes, economics, and carbon footprint

Gisele Azimi and Amir Hossein Mohammad Zadeh

Waste Management, 2026, 209, 115203
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All-Component Recycling and Reuse Process for Spent LiFePO4 Cathodes

Yujia Zeng, Yan Wang, Shangchen Cai, Rong Li, Changan Zhou, Chao Wang, Kui Ma, Lei Song and Hairong Yue

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2024
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Regeneration of battery grade FePO4 and Li2CO3 from Al/F-bearing spent LiFePO4/C powder

Ye-hui-zi WU, Kang-gen ZHOU, Chang-hong PENG, Kui YI, Jing-kun DENG, Zai-rong QIU, Wei CHEN and Ke-jing ZHANG

Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 2025, 35, 3520
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A critical review on the direct regeneration technologies of cathode materials from spent lithium iron phosphate batteries

Yuan‐Yuan Li, Li‐Jun Deng, Yi‐Jun Cao, Jian‐Yong He and Guo‐Sheng Li

Rare Metals, 2025, 44, 8237
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Efficient separation and selective Li recycling of spent LiFePO4 cathode

Yuelin Kong, Lixia Yuan, Yaqi Liao, Yudi Shao, Shuaipeng Hao and Yunhui Huang

Energy Mater, 2023, 3
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Achieving Low-Temperature Aqueous Relithiation for Direct Regeneration of Spent Lithium Iron Phosphate via Hydroxylamine Mediation

Xuejing Qiu, Peixiang Gao, Huan Wang, Leiyuan Lu, Pengbo Zhou, Lei Wang, Qing Han, Lingling Xie, Limin Zhu and Xiaoyu Cao

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2026, 14, 2457
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Waste to treasure: A sustainable technic to prepare high-performance lithium iron phosphate from laterite nickel tailings

Zhi-Zhong Shen, Rui-Xiang Wang, Hong-Yan Yuan, Yong Guo, Dan Xiao and Yan Meng

Separation and Purification Technology, 2025, 353, 128489
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Efficient Leaching of Li and Fe from Wasted Lithium-Ion Batteries by l-Malic Acid and Hydrogen Peroxide

Pengfei Yang, Jiaxin He, Junfeng Lan, Youming Ye, Xuezhen Xie, Yanmeng Chen and Jun Zeng

J. Sustain. Metall., 2025, 11, 2499
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Pitting Corrosion Mechanism-Driven Cathode Exfoliation for Enhanced Direct Regeneration from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Wenhao Su, Yan Li, Ziyu Chen, Haibin Zeng, Zhao Zhao, Hengjun Tai and Tao Li

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2025, 13, 6918
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Multifunctional fullerene protective layer for dendrite-free Zn metal anode

Zhaofei Ge, Hao Zhang, Jiazhuang Tian, Jiae Wu, Yunlong Xu, Wentao Deng, Guoqiang Zou, Dan He, Hongshuai Hou, Chunru Wang and Xiaobo Ji

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2023, 466, 143054
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Recycling of Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) Batteries from the End Product Quality Perspective

Deise F. Barbosa de Mattos, Simon Duda and Martina Petranikova

Batteries, 2025, 11, 33
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Suppressing the coordination of ferric ions for efficient recycling of spent lithium iron phosphate

Qinyu Zeng, Kaixi Hu, Wannan Hu, Hanzhi Li, Yutao Ma, Qibin Liang, Jingyun Su, Dongju Fu, Lawrence Yoon Suk Lee and Luyang Wang

Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2025, 13, 117060
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Progress and prospect of spent lithium iron phosphate cathode materials recycling: A review

Yi Fan, Yongyou Su, Zitong Fei, Yuyun Li, Yun Luo, Le Tian, Qi Meng and Peng Dong

Journal of Energy Storage, 2025, 132, 117771
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Recycling of spent lithium iron phosphate battery cathode materials: A review

Guodong Wen, Shuai Yuan, Zaizheng Dong, Haoyuan Ding and Peng Gao

Journal of Cleaner Production, 2024, 474, 143625
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Direct regeneration and upcycling of cathode material from spent lithium ion batteries: Recent advances and perspectives

Juan Wu, Li Xiao, Pengcheng Liu, Yirong Zhu and Jing Li

Separation and Purification Technology, 2025, 355, 129574
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Sustainable recovery of cobalt and lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries using water-based deep eutectic solvents

Pengfei Yang, Linxing Zhou, Jun Zeng, Youming Ye, Junfeng Lan, Xuezhen Xie, Yanmeng Chen, Xiaoshu Wang and Ran Ao

Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2026, 14, 120726
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Direct and rapid regeneration of spent LiFePO4 cathodes via a high-temperature shock strategy

Shuo-Hang Zheng, Xiao-Tong Wang, Zhen-Yi Gu, Hong-Yan Lü, Xin-Yi Zhang, Jun-Ming Cao, Jin-Zhi Guo, Xiao-Tong Deng, Ze-Tao Wu, Rong-Hua Zeng and Xing-Long Wu

Journal of Power Sources, 2023, 587, 233697
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Mechanism and process study of spent lithium iron phosphate batteries by medium-temperature oxidation roasting strategy

Guodong Wen, Shuai Yuan, Zaizheng Dong, Peng Gao, Haoyuan Ding, Shunlin Lei and Quankun Liu

Separation and Purification Technology, 2025, 356, 129987
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Sustainable closed-loop recycling of spent LiFePO4 cathode materials: technological advances, environmental-economic assessment, and future perspectives

Changjiang Li, Yuyun Li, Fanbin Hu, Haigang Dong, Chenchen Li, Yubo Xing, Qi Meng and Peng Dong

Separation and Purification Technology, 2026, 382, 135717
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A mild closed-loop process for lithium–iron separation and cathode materials regeneration from spent LiFePO4 batteries

HuiXiang Zhou, ZhongYan Luo, Shuai Wang, Xin Ma and Zhanfang Cao

Separation and Purification Technology, 2023, 315, 123742
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Direct regeneration of high-value LiFePO4 cathode materials with nitrogen doped carbon coating

Yanju Gou, Cai Qi, Ruiqi Li, Xin Liu, Zihao Zhou, Mingdao Zhang, Quan Sun, Li Song and Yachao Jin

Electrochimica Acta, 2024, 488, 144180
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Value-added recycling of spent LiFePO4 by a FeCl3 leaching-spray pyrolysis approach

Zhao Zhao, Yan Li, Ziyu Chen, Chengzong Li, Haibin Zeng, Chengming Du and Tao Li

Journal of Power Sources, 2025, 628, 235939
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Direct Regeneration of Degraded LiFePO4 Cathode via Reductive Solution Relithiation Regeneration Process

Chenchen Li, Rui Gong, Yingjie Zhang, Qi Meng and Peng Dong

Molecules, 2024, 29, 3340
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Recycling of spent LiFePO4 extraction slag: Current status and future prospects

Yufa Feng, Huijie Wang, Wei Yang, Huiqin Hu, Hengyu Zhu, Wei Ren, Guang Yang, Lei Zhou, Liming Yang, Honggen Peng and Xubiao Luo

Journal of Energy Chemistry, 2026, 114, 721
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Large‐Scale and Homogenized Strategies of Spent LiFePO4 Recycling: Reconstruction of Targeted Lattice

Zihao Zeng, Panpan Xu, Jiexiang Li, Chenxing Yi, Wenqing Zhao, Wei Sun, Xiaobo Ji, Yue Yang and Peng Ge

Adv Funct Materials, 2024, 34
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CO2-integrated closed loop for comprehensive recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries

Pengfei Zhu, Jiugang Hu, LiLi He, Shan Cai, Le Zhang, Hongshuai Hou, Guoqiang Zou and Xiaobo Ji

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2026, 534, 175206
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Effects of Hydrochloric Acid and Sodium Chlorate‌ (HCl + NaClO3) on the Leaching of Selenium (Se) and Mercury (Hg) in Hazardous Acid Mud: Leaching Mechanism, Kinetics, Thermodynamics, and FactSage Simulation Analysis

Sijie Fang and Ran Ao

J. Sustain. Metall., 2026, 12, 3092
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From Waste to Wealth: Novel Approach for Recovery of Metals from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Biological Waste

Kunhong Gu, Weiyi Xia, Jiang Zhou, Wenqing Qin and Junwei Han

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2023, 11, 13606
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Dynamic Li+ Capture through Ligand‐Chain Interaction for the Regeneration of Depleted LiFePO4 Cathode

Xin‐Xin Zhao, Xiao‐Tong Wang, Jin‐Zhi Guo, Zhen‐Yi Gu, Jun‐Ming Cao, Jia‐Lin Yang, Feng‐Qi Lu, Jing‐Ping Zhang and Xing‐Long Wu

Advanced Materials, 2024, 36
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Challenges and perspectives towards direct regeneration of spent LiFePO4 cathode

Xuejing Qiu, Chenyan Wang, Lingling Xie, Limin Zhu, Xiaoyu Cao and Xiaobo Ji

Journal of Power Sources, 2024, 602, 234365
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Ambient-pressure relithiation of spent LiFePO4 using alkaline solutions enables direct regeneration of lithium-ion battery cathodes

Xuejing Qiu, Chenyan Wang, Yongzhi Liu, Qing Han, Lingling Xie, Limin Zhu and Xiaoyu Cao

Journal of Energy Storage, 2025, 105, 114721
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Dual-loop upcycling of spent LiFePO4: defect inheritance enables durable and fast-charging sodium-ion batteries

Xiao-Tong Wang, Zhen-Yi Gu, Jun-Ming Cao, Xin-Xin Zhao, Han-Hao Liu, Shuo-Hang Zheng, Yong-Li Heng, Kai-Yang Zhang, Edison Huixiang Ang, Zhe Wang, Ronghua Zeng and Xing-Long Wu

National Science Review, 2025, 12
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High‐Value Targeted Conversion of Copper Slag as LiFePO4 Material for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Yuyun Li, Wanquan Yu, Haigang Dong, Chenchen Li, Qi Meng and Peng Dong

Rare Metals, 2026, 45
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Research on green recycling of lithium-ion batteries cathode waste powder

Guoqing Ding, Fanfan Liu, Xiaomeng Fan, Xinyue Gao, Guoqin Cao, Jinjin Ban, Zhenzhen Li and Junhua Hu

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024, 493, 152837
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Selective lithium recovery and regeneration of LiFePO4 from spent lithium-ion batteries: An efficient and green process

Haozheng Hu, Yaochun Yao, Xianghao Meng, Yin Li, Keyu Zhang, Shaoze Zhang, Yusong Yang, Yanqiu Xu and Junxian Hu

Journal of Power Sources, 2025, 631, 236179
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Recycling spent Li-ion batteries into functional nanomaterials for energy systems

Nesan R.K. Yabesh, Mariyarathinam Vinoth Inbaraj and Govindhan Maduraiveeran

Materials Today Chemistry, 2026, 52, 103432
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Direct and Low‐Temperature Regeneration of Degraded LiFePO₄ Cathodes at Ambient Conditions Using Green and Sustainable Deep Eutectic Solvent

Yixin Lin, Tiansheng Wang, Chaochao Gao, Xiaoxuan Zhang, Wen Yu, Mi Wang, Chao Yang and Jiaheng Zhang

Advanced Science, 2025, 12
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Recovery of battery grade LiOH·H2O from spent LiFePO4 by using Li2SO4 causticizing process

Ming Zhou

Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2025, 13, 117686
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Direct regeneration of cathode materials in spent lithium-ion batteries toward closed-loop recycling and sustainability

Baichao Zhang, Yunlong Xu, Debbie S. Silvester, Craig E. Banks, Wentao Deng, Guoqiang Zou, Hongshuai Hou and Xiaobo Ji

Journal of Power Sources, 2024, 589, 233728
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Regenerated spent LiFePO4 with tailored residual copper-atoms towards improved energy-storage capacity and reversibility

Zihao Zeng, Hai Lei, Jiexiang Li, Bing Wang, Shuya Lei, Xiaobo Ji, Wei Sun, Yue Yang and Peng Ge

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024, 499, 155616
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Moderate carbon removal and in-situ lithium embedding for directly repairing lithium iron phosphate material towards high reversibility and rate performance

Shuya Lei, Qi Li, Lantian Zhang, Liangbing Wang and Yue Yang

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2025, 511, 161928
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Recycle of spent LiFePO4 batteries: An eco-friendly closed-loop technique based on less solvent solid state reaction

Zhiliang Guo, Shuai Ji, Changgan Lai, Donghuai Zhang, Liu Nie, Yujie Hou, Yuli Zhang, Yifan Zhang and Ling Bai

Separation and Purification Technology, 2025, 354, 128871
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Thermodynamically Guided Three‐Stage Separation for Deep Aluminum Removal from Delithiated LiFePO4 Slag Toward Battery‐Grade FePO4 Regeneration

Tuan Wang, Fangbing Li, Enhao Xu, Jie Hu, Haijun Xia, Hao Wu, Wenlong Cai, Yun Zhang and Kaipeng Wu

Advanced Energy Materials, 2026
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Recovery of spent LiFePO4: Unveiling iron migration mechanism towards selective lithium extraction

Jinxuan Chen, Yiming Zhang, Tuan Wang, Enhao Xu, Weigang Wang, Zishuo Zhang, Yun Zhang and Kaipeng Wu

Separation and Purification Technology, 2025, 361, 131314
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Layered oxide cathodes for sodium‐ion batteries: From air stability, interface chemistry to phase transition

Yi‐Feng Liu, Kai Han, Dan‐Ni Peng, Ling‐Yi Kong, Yu Su, Hong‐Wei Li, Hai‐Yan Hu, Jia‐Yang Li, Hong‐Rui Wang, Zhi‐Qiang Fu, Qiang Ma, Yan‐Fang Zhu, Rui‐Ren Tang, Shu‐Lei Chou, Yao Xiao and Xiong‐Wei Wu

InfoMat, 2023, 5
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Potential‐Regulated Design for Direct Recycling of Degraded LiFePO4 Cathode

Xuejing Qiu, Chenyan Wang, Yuxiang Chen, Zhimin Du, Lingling Xie, Qing Han, Limin Zhu, Xiaoyu Cao and Xiaobo Ji

Small, 2024, 20
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