Synergistic effect between bacteriophages and nanozymes for hybrid dual recognition of pathogenic bacteria from water, food, and agricultural samples: promising new tools for sensitive and specific biosensing

Abstract

Worldwide, pathogenic bacteria are among the most significant causes of infections. Indeed, delays in diagnosis and detection of these bacteria result in high morbidity and mortality rates and detection platforms must be developed to overcome these challenges. Biosensors, as high-potential analytical tools, can play an important role in the detection of pathogenic bacteria. The application of nanozymes as nanomaterial-based artificial enzymes in the structure of biosensors can overcome the limitations of common biological elements. Furthermore, the integration of bacteriophages, as novel bioreceptors, with nanozymes enabled a clear distinction between viable and dead bacteria. The application of bacteriophage–nanozyme as hybrid probes in biosensors can boost pathogenic bacteria detection. In this review, the effects of different nanozymes, including metal-based, metal oxide-based, and metal–organic framework (MOF)-based nanozymes, after integration with bacteriophages are discussed. Perspectives and challenges of a combination of these novel bioreceptors and nanomaterial-based artificial enzymes are presented for detecting various pathogenic bacteria.