Manganese, vanadium, molybdenum and tin are listed as minor trace elements in the human body and have extensive uses in industry. There is insufficient evidence to link these chemically dissimilar elements to human cancer, although caution has been given to the classification of vanadium pentoxide, certain orgin compounds of tin, tin in semiconductors and the use of alloys containing molybdenum, manganese and vanadium in orthopaedic prostheses.