Chapter 21: Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs): Toxicity, Safety and Legal Aspects of Functionalized MNPs

The toxicity of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) has been investigated during the last few years. The principal outcomes of exposure to MNPs are the incidence of ROS genotoxicity and apoptosis because of mitochondrial damage and metallic ion generation. Surface functionalization of magnetic nanoparticles by a coating material possessing suitable functional groups can lead to a reduction in MNP toxicity, active targeting of them, controlling various mechanisms of drug release and loading, increasing the circulation time of particles and so on. This review presents an overview of in vitro and in vivo toxicity or safety data of functionalized magnetic nanoparticles. Furthermore, the regulations implemented for reducing the associated risks are discussed.