All material functionality is governed by the type, arrangement, and bonding of atoms. Being able to perform atomically precise directed assembly of matter opens the door to emerging technologies in computing, energy, catalysis, and a plethora of other fields. Engineering at the nanoscale requires an understanding of the various physical, chemical and biochemical principles involved in design, synthesis, assembly, and performance of nanomaterials and devices. There is no simple or conclusive definition for the term nanoengineering; it can have a number of meanings. For example, making nanoscale features on larger objects, (e.g., integrated circuit fabrication); making nanoscale objects with special properties (e.g., doped nanowires); assembling nanoscale objects into more complex structures (e.g., DNA-directed self-assembly of artificial vesicles); incorporating nanoscale objects into macroscale objects to enable special functionality (e.g., carbon nanotubes into electronic or sensor devices); using various techniques or processes to manufacture nanoscale structures (e.g., dip-pen nanolithography).