A stroke or traumatic brain injury (TBI) has multiple consequences for patients and their families, as well as healthcare providers and society. This chapter reviews the incidence and risk factors of transient ischemic attack (TIA; ‘mini-stroke’), stroke, and TBI. Treatments of TIA, ischemic stroke, and TBI are also presented, as well as possible hemorrhagic complications arising from thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke.