Multi-scale metal composite electrocatalysts: synthesis, synergistic mechanisms and applications

Abstract

Metal single atoms (MSAs) and nanoparticles (NPs) exhibit distinct advantages and limitations in electrocatalysis. The integration of MSAs and NPs into a composite material effectively combines their complementary advantages, enabling the construct of high-performance electrocatalysts through synergistic effects between multi-scale metal active sites. Recently, advancements in MSA-NP composite electrocatalysts have attracted considerable interest. This includes the innovative synthesis methods of these composites, as well as the fundamental mechanisms contributing to their remarkable electrocatalytic performance. In this review, we first summarize the progress in the synthesis of various types of MSA-NP composites. The different synergistic enhancement mechanisms between MSA and NP components in electrocatalytic applications are then introduced, along with recent advancements in their application research. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and future prospects of MSA-NP composite electrocatalysts.