Synthesis and properties of geminal dinitro and trinitromethyl energetic materials

Abstract

As important functional groups, geminal dinitro and trinitromethyl are often introduced into different molecular frameworks to improve their densities and oxygen balances, which leads to superior detonation properties of most geminal dinitro or trinitromethyl high-energy derivatives. Taking the structure of the target compound as the main line, this paper reviews high-energy compounds (including their ionic salts) based on geminal dinitro and trinitromethyl substitutions with aliphatic (esters, ethers), monocyclic azoles, bisazoles, fused heterocycles, and cage adamantanes and summarizes their synthetic methods and physicochemical properties. Considering the mature and reliable synthetic routes and excellent detonation performance, geminal dinitro and trinitromethyl-based energetic materials undoubtedly represent promising candidates for high-energy-density materials, provided that their thermal stabilities can be effectively enhanced through strategic approaches.