Unveiling the recent progress in anion exchange membranes and their composites for fuel cells and water electrolyser applications

Abstract

Anion exchange membranes (AEMs) have emerged as a pivotal component in fuel cell and water electrolysis technologies, offering a cost-effective alternative to proton exchange membranes due to their ability to operate under alkaline conditions. This review comprehensively analyses the latest advancements in AEMs and their composite materials, focusing on their structural modifications, ionic conductivity, chemical stability, and performance enhancements. The development of novel polymer backbones, incorporation of nanofillers, and cross-linking strategies have significantly improved the mechanical robustness and ionic transport properties of AEMs, addressing long-standing challenges such as membrane degradation and conductivity limitations. Furthermore, the role of functionalized polymers, predominantly with quaternary ammonium groups, in optimising AEMs’ physicochemical properties is discussed. The material science innovations are explored, highlighting recent breakthroughs in enhancing fuel cell efficiency and electrolyzer durability. This review strives to bridge the gap between fundamental science and industrial application, paving the way for the next generation of high-performance electrochemical energy devices. The challenges and opportunities in the field are critically analysed, offering strategic directions for future research and technological development in AEM-based energy systems.