Advances in Lipase Immobilization and Applications in Biofabrication

Abstract

Lipase immobilization is an effective strategy for enhancing enzyme stability, reusability, and catalytic efficiency in biotechnological processes. This review critically evaluates recent advances in adsorption, embedding, covalent coupling, and cross-linking methods, highlighting their advantages, limitations, and industrial applicability. Emphasis is placed on the design of support materials and their influence on enzyme-support interactions, which govern overall catalytic performance. Applications in pharmaceuticals, food systems, environmental remediation, and biodiesel production are analyzed to identify current trends and technological challenges. Although significant progress has been made, issues such as high production costs, lack of standardization, and limited scalability continue to hinder industrial implementation. Future efforts should focus on developing sustainable support materials and optimizing enzyme-support interactions to enhance immobilization effciency. These innovations will facilitate the development of efficient and environmentally friendly biomanufacturing systems.