Design of Bifunctional Catalysts for Hydrodeoxygenation of Biomass-Derived Compounds

Abstract

The depletion of fossil energy and the intensification of environmental problems have driven the development and utilization of biomass energy. However, the high oxygen content of biomass derivatives leads to poor thermal stability and low calorific value, limiting their direct application. Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) technology has become the core solution to this problem. This paper systematically reviews the research progress in the field of HDO catalysis of biomass derivatives, focusing on the HDO reaction pathways and characteristics of five typical biomass derivatives: carbohydrates, furans, aromatic compounds, bio-oil, and bio-lipids. It also summarizes the core systems of HDO catalysts, including metal active sites, supports, and co-catalysts, as well as the regulatory mechanisms of metal-support interactions. This review identifies key challenges faced by current HDO catalysts such as insufficient selectivity, poor stability, and unclear synergy mechanisms between active sites and supports. To address these issues, this paper conducts in-depth discussions on HDO catalyst design, clarifying the principles of synergistic effects among metal and defect sites, metal and acidic sites, and bimetallic sites, proposing strategies to enhance catalyst activity and stability such as metal component optimization, support modification, and advanced preparation processes, and elucidating the core design principles for balancing catalyst activity and stability. Finally, it looks forward to the future key development directions in this field, including constructing cross-site cooperative stability systems, improving catalyst water-phase tolerance, developing high-performance non-precious metal bifunctional catalysts, exploring electrochemical HDO technology, and developing multi-feedstock compatible catalysts. This research provides theoretical references and design ideas for the development of high-performance HDO catalysts and the industrialized efficient utilization of biomass energy.