Halide Perovskites Scintillators for X-ray Detection: From Structure to Engineering

Abstract

Halide perovskites (HPs) and their derivatives are emerging as a prominent class of materials for ionizing radiation detection. A unique combination of high atomic numbers, ecient luminescence, tunable optoelectronic properties, and low synthesis cost positions them as a promising alternative to traditional scintillators. The review overviews fundamental principles governing perovskite scintillator operation, from radiation absorption to charge carrier generation and recombination. We present a detailed classication of these materials based on structural dimensionality (3D to 0D) and morphology (single crystals (SCs), polycrystalline lms, and nanocrystals (NCs)), alongside a discussion of their synthesis methods and the resulting impact on scintillation characteristics. The review highlights compositional and structural engineering techniques, such as activator ion doping, solid-solution formation, and defect passivation. These strategies yield record-breaking performance metrics that rival commercial counterparts, including high light yields (>150,000 ph•MeV -1 ), low detection limits (<10 nGy air •s -1 ), ultrafast responses (<1 ns), and high spatial resolution (>100 lp•mm -1 ). We also discuss the fabrication of composite scintillating screens using polymer and glass matrices, and explore nanostructured systems oering enhanced exibility, stability, and spatial resolution. Finally, we address key challenges, such as toxicity, scalability, and long-term stability, and outline promising future directions, including the development of multifunctional scintillators, materials for photoncounting detectors, and the application of emerging paradigms like supramolecular chemistry and nanophotonics.