Enhanced stretchability and conductivity in self-healing ionogels: a hybrid PEDOT:PSS/IL/PAA composite

Abstract

The development of highly stretchable, ionically conductive, and self-healing ionogels is critical for next-generation flexible electronics, wearable sensors, and soft robotics. In this study, we present composite ionogels based on poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and an ionic liquid (IL), further incorporated with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) to enhance properties. The combined synergy of these components produces ionogels exhibiting enhanced mechanical properties (∼1500%), great ionic conductivity (∼0.014 S cm⁻¹), and intrinsic adhesive and self-healing capabilities. Comprehensive rheological and mechanical analyses demonstrate the remarkable stretchability and durability of the ionogels, while electrochemical characterization confirms the stable ionic transport behaviors. Furthermore, the composite materials exhibit multi-responsiveness to external stimuli including strains, temperature, and pH variations, expanding the potential applications in intelligent soft materials. This work provides a significant step toward the practical implementation of multifunctional ionogels in next-generation flexible and wearable devices.