Overview of harziane diterpenoids: discovery, bioactivity, total synthesis and biosynthesis

Abstract

Harziane diterpenoids constitute a unique class of diterpenoids distinguished by their intricate 6/5/7/4 carbocyclic scaffold, presenting notable structural complexity. Since the first harziane diterpenoid, harziandione, was described from Trichoderma harzianum in 1992, a plethora of harziane diterpenoids have been predominantly isolated from the genus Trichoderma. Owing to their complex structural diversity and potential biological properties, these substances have attracted considerable interest from chemists and pharmacologists. This review provides, for the first time, a comprehensive summary of the structures, biological properties, total synthesis, and biosynthetic study of harziane diterpenoids reported to date, and discusses the potential roles of harziane diterpenoids in fungal-host interactions.