Recent advances in oxygen reduction reaction catalysis under neutral conditions

Abstract

The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is central to energy devices and sustainable chemical production. While acidic and alkaline ORR systems are well studied, neutral media offer advantages such as biocompatibility, environmental safety, and material stability, yet remain less explored. This mini-review summarizes recent progress in ORR electrocatalysis under neutral conditions, covering both four-electron (4e⁻) and two-electron (2e⁻) pathways. Emphasis is placed on catalyst design strategies and performance in complex environments like seawater. Key challenges and future directions are also discussed to guide the development of efficient and scalable ORR systems for real-world applications.