Biomimetic Basement Membrane: Advances in Materials, Fabrication Techniques, and Applications in In Vitro Biological Models

Abstract

In vitro biological model technology has become a cornerstone of modern biological research, driving advancements in drug screening, physiological and pathological studies, and tissue implantation applications. The natural basement membrane (BM), a homogeneous structure, provides critical physical and biological support for tissues and organs. To replicate its function, researchers have developed biomimetic BM using advanced fabrication technologies, which are increasingly applied to in vitro models. This review explores the materials, preparation techniques, and applications of biomimetic BM across various biological models, highlighting their advantages and limitations. Additionally, it discusses recent progress in the field and identifies current challenges in achieving BM simulations that closely mimic native structures. Future directions and recommendations are provided to guide the development of high-performance biomimetic BM materials and their manufacturing processes.