Opportunities for biocompatible and safe zinc-based batteries

Abstract

Biocompatible electronics have received extensive attention in the modern world and medical field due to the rapid development of electronic industries. However, consequent battery-induced injuries have turned safety issues as one of the bottlenecks in biocompatible electronics. Here, beginning with serious safety consequences that indicate deficiencies in the current battery systems, biocompatible zinc-based batteries (ZBs) are proposed as candidates for powering biocompatible electronics due to their high degree of safety, low cost, and preferred flexible configurations. We discuss the battery-induced injuries and summarize the relevant mechanisms. An overview of wearable ZBs is presented, and the research potential of implanted ZBs is evaluated. Moreover, we propose the challenges and issues facing further investigations and practical applications. Future roadmaps are provided for the further research and development of biocompatible ZBs, including parameters for flexibility evaluation, validation of biosecurity, design principles, and corresponding strategies. This review is expected to contribute to the future investigation and optimization of biocompatible ZBs for applications in a wide variety of fields.