Electrospun polyamide/graphene oxide/polypyrrole composite nanofibers: an efficient sorbent for headspace solid phase microextraction of methamphetamine in urine samples followed by GC-MS analysis

Abstract

In this study, a polyamide/graphene oxide/polypyrrole nanofiber was fabricated with the aid of the electrospinning technique and applied in headspace solid phase microextraction. Characterization of the fabricated nanofiber was carried out utilizing Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and field emission-scanning electron microscopy. Effective parameters in the adsorption procedure including sample pH (11.5), ionic strength (15% w/v, NaCl), extraction time (20 min) and temperature (40 °C) were optimized using experimental design. Under the optimized conditions, the determination of methamphetamine (MAM) was performed in urine samples, followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. The seven-point calibration plot of the method was obtained as Y = 1191.6C (μg L⁻¹) − 75.4 (r² = 0.9992) within an appropriate linear range of 3.0–100 μg L⁻¹. Low limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of 0.9 and 3.0 μg L⁻¹ were obtained, respectively. The intra- and inter-day RSD% values for three replicate measurements at three concentrations (10, 50, and 100 μg L⁻¹) were less than 9.7%. Also, RSD% values less than 12.3% were obtained for fiber-to-fiber reproducibility. Recoveries of 89.5–95.3% were calculated for the analysis of MAM in urine samples. Regarding the good analytical performance of the suggested method, it has great potential for measuring MAM in complex matrices such as urine samples.