Nutritional characteristics of marine fish Sardinella zunasi Bleeker and immunostimulatory activities of its glycoprotein

Sardinella zunasi Bleeker, an edible and medicinal marine fish, is largely distributed in tropical oceans. However, the chemical composition and nutritional properties of this species have not yet been investigated. In the present study, proximate composition, fatty acids, amino acids, taurine, and minerals of S. zunasi Bleeker were characterized, and the immunostimulatory properties of its glycoprotein were evaluated. The results indicated the presence of crude protein (19.66%), crude lipid (6.29%) and carbohydrate (0.74%) in S. zunasi Bleeker; monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids in the fatty acid composition of S. zunasi Bleeker were 25.00% and 31.01%, respectively; S. zunasi Bleeker was rich in taurine (219 mg/100 g) and essential amino acids (5.57 g/100 g). In addition, the glycoprotein of S. zunasi consisted of protein and sugars, with a total content of 34.25% and 16.27%, respectively. The glycoprotein showed significant effects on promoting NO, TNF-α and IL-6 in a dose-dependent manner in RAW264.7 macrophage cells. Thus, these findings provide a scientific basis for the further utilization of glycoprotein from S. zunasi Bleeker.


Introduction
Fish is a healthy food with numerous benets to human health. It has been consumed in large quantities not only because it is a source of high nutritional quality protein, but also as a signicant reserve of polyunsaturated fatty acids. 1 Fish muscle is more digestible than other animal protein due to its lower level of connective tissue. Fish fat is one of the few natural food sources of vitamin D and contains important amounts of vitamins A and E. 2 Fish is a perfect supplement to a high cereal diet because of its high lysine content. 3 There is plenty of evidence that the consumption of sh reduces the risk of coronary heart disease. [4][5][6][7] Marine sh is a rich source of high-quality protein, lipids, as well as all kinds of vitamins and minerals. It has been reported that the long-chain polyunsaturated (omega-3) fatty acids rich in marine sh, and these polyunsaturated fatty acids can reduce various pathophysiologic abnormalities including anoxic ventricular arrhythmia, atherogenesis, hypertension, blood clotting and cardiovascular disease. 8,9 S. zunasi Bleeker, an edible and medicinal marine sh, belonging to genus Sardinella, family Clupeidae, is widely distributed in the coastal areas of tropical oceans, such as the Philippines, Japan, Korea and China. The species of genus Sardinella are taken as a good source of bioactive components. Previous investigation of genus Sardinella species has exhibited that the chemical or nutritional composition is rich in proteins, lipids (especially polyunsaturated fatty acids), and minerals [10][11][12][13] and signicant biological properties such as antioxidant, 14,15 antibacterial, 16 anticancer, 17 hepatoprotective and nephroprotective, 18 hypolipidemic, antiobesity and cardioprotective effects. 19 However, there is still a lack of more data about the chemical or nutritional composition of genus Sardinella, and there is no report about the chemical or nutritional composition of S. zunasi Bleeker. Thus, it's necessary to investigate the chemical and nutritional composition of S. zunasi Bleeker before any in-depth study.
In order to make more effective utilization of S. zunasi Bleeker, the present work aims to determine the chemical and nutritional components including crude protein, crude fat, total carbohydrates, amino acids, taurine, fatty acids and minerals. In addition, the immunomodulatory effect of its glycoprotein on the murine RAW264.7 macrophage cell lines, including evaluating the effects on the proliferation of RAW264.7 cells, phagocytic uptake, the production of nitric oxide (NO), TNF-a, and IL-6 on RAW264.7 cells, was investigated. The results of this work might provide a useful information for further investigation of biological components from S. zunasi Bleeker and their utilization.

Specimens of sh
S. zunasi Bleeker was purchased from Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China in August 2017. A voucher specimen (no. 20170803) was deposited in Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food and Safety, South China Agricultural University, China. Aer collection, fresh sh was packed in plastic bags, preserved in ice and taken immediately to the laboratory, it was preserved in a À20 C refrigerator for about half a month before further treatments. The whole sh were thoroughly washed with running water, cut into pieces and then homogenised in a mincer before the analysis of nutritional characteristics and preparation of crude glycoprotein (H1) and pure glycoprotein (H2). Approximately 20 kilograms of sh was used for the entire study.

Proximate composition analysis
The sh was washed and removed the surface water on the skin before composition analysis. The moisture, crude protein, crude lipid, and ash contents were analysed according to AOAC official methods. 20 Moisture content was determined using a hot-air oven at 105 C for 6 h until constant weight was reached. Nitrogen content was measured by the Kjeldahl method adapted from where protein content is estimated by multiplying the nitrogen content by 6.25. Crude lipids were determined by Soxhlet extraction with petroleum ether as the solvent. Ash content was measured by heating the sh in a muffle furnace at 550 C until the resultant ash was light grey in color. Carbohydrate content was determined using the phenol-sulfuric acid method. 21 2.4. Nutritional composition analysis 2.4.1. Fatty acid prole analysis. The fatty acid prole was obtained using normalization method. 5.0 g of sample was transferred to 250 mL radius ask and mixed with 100 mg of pyrogallic acid, 2.0 mL of 95% ethanol, 4.0 mL of deionized water, several zeolites and 10 mL of 8.3 M HCl. The mixture was hydrolysed in a 75 C water bath for 40 min and shook every 10 min. 10 mL of 95% ethanol was added to the hydrolysate aer cooling and then transferred to separating funnel. The radius ask was washed with 50 mL of diethyl ether and petroleum ether (1 : 1) mixed solution and the ushing uid also transferred to separating funnel. Aer shaking for 5 min, the ether layer was collected, and then evaporated to dryness. 8 mL of 2% sodium hydroxide methanol solution and 7 mL of 15% boron triuoride methanol solution were added to the extraction during heating in an 80 C water bath for 5 min, and then cooled to room temperature quickly. 20 mL of n-heptane was added, aer 2 min shaking, saturated sodium chloride solution was added. Aer stratication, 5 mL of n-heptane was taken from the top to a tube and shook with 4 g of anhydrous sodium sulfate for 1 min, the upper solution was taken for further analysis.
Fatty acids were determined by a gas chromatography 7820A (Agilent Technologies, USA), equipped with a ame ionization detector (FID) and a HP88 capillary column (100 m length Â 0.25 mm ID Â 0.2 mm lm thickness). Puried nitrogen was the carrier gas at a ow rate of 1 mL min À1 . Sample of 1.0 mL was injected with a split ratio of 100 : 1. The injector and detector temperature were 270 C and 280 C, respectively. The column temperature was set at 100 C for 13 min, followed by a 10 C min À1 heating ramp to 180 C, which was held for 6 min. Then the temperature was increased to 200 C at a rate of 1 C min À1 and held for 20 min. Finally, it was increased to 230 C at a rate of 4 C min À1 and held for 10.5 min. Fatty acids were identied by comparison of retention time with standard mixtures of fatty acid methyl ester, the composition of fatty acids was expressed in relative percentage of total fatty acids according to their peak areas. 22 2.4.2. Amino acid prole analysis. Approximately 1 g sample was put into a vial and hydrolysed with 10 mL of 6 M hydrochloric acid at 110 C under a nitrogen atmosphere for 24 h. The received hydrolysed evaporated to dryness in the ow of warm water. The solid residual was dissolved in 1 mL of sodium citrate buffers (0.2 M) with pH 2.2 and ltered through a 0.22 mm lter before injected into the amino acid analyzer S-433D (Sykam, Germany). For tryptophan analysis, 1 g sample was digested with 4 M NaOH at 110 C for 20 h under nitrogen gas. The hydrolysate was then neutralized to pH 7.0 with 6 M HCl and added sodium citrate buffers to reach the constant volume and ltered through a 0.22 mm lter before injected into an Agilent 1260 (Agilent Technologies, USA) high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system. The amino acid results are expressed in mg of amino acids per g protein.
2.4.3. Taurine analysis. The taurine content was determined by an Agilent 1260 (Agilent Technologies, USA) HPLC system. 5 g sample was put into a conical ask, 20 mL of deionized water was added and sonicated at 40 C for 10 min. Then the solution was mixed with 50 mL of 30 g L À1 metaphosphoric acid under ultrasonic treatment for another 10 min. The mixture was transferred to volumetric ask and diluted with distilled water to 100 mL. The sample was centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 10 min. The concentrated supernatant was ltered through an ash-free lter and 20 mL of them was injected into the HPLC equipped with sodium ion column (25 cm Â 4.6 mm). The excitation and emission wavelengths were 340 nm and 450 nm, respectively. The mobile phase consisted of trisodium citrate solution which delivered to the column at a ow rate of 0.4 mL min À1 . The result was expressed in mg of taurine content per 100 g sh meat wet weight.
2.4.4. Mineral elements analysis. The mineral elements were measured by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry 725-ES (Agilent Technologies, USA). 1 g sample was digested with 15 mL of HNO 3 for 30 min using microwave digestion system. 2 mL deionized water was added aer cooling and continue heating till evaporated to nearly dry. Aer that, it was diluted with deionized water to 50 mL. The solution was ltered through an ash-free lter before analyzed. A blank digest was also carried out in the same way.

Glycoproteins extraction and purication
The extraction and purication of glycoprotein from S. zunasi Bleeker were carried out using the methods described previously. 23 In brief, the sh was cut into pieces and ground up in a blender, then extracted twice by using a hot water method with the conditions of liquid/solid ratio of 20 : 1, temperature of 95 C and extraction time of 2 h. The combined aqueous extracts were concentrated in a rotary evaporator under reduced pressure at 50 C and then ltered. The free proteins in the extracts were removed by using Sevag reagent (chloroform/nbutanol, v/v ¼ 4 : 1). The deproteinized solution was precipitated with addition of ethanol to reach a nal ethanol concentration of 75% at 4 C for 24 h. Following centrifugation at 12 000 rpm for 15 min, the precipitates were washed sequentially with anhydrous ethanol and acetone, and then dialyzed against deionized water for 2 days and lyophilized as crude glycoprotein (H1).
The crude glycoprotein (H1) was dissolved in distilled water and separated by a DEAE-Cellulose 52 column (2.0 cm Â 40 cm). The column was eluted with distilled water and a stepwise NaCl gradient (0-1 M). One independent elution peak of the glycoprotein was obtained by phenol-sulfuric acid method at 490 nm. The glycoprotein fraction was collected, dialyzed, concentrated, and further loaded into Sephadex G-200 column (1.8 cm Â 50 cm) with distilled water at a ow rate of 0.5 mL min À1 . One independent elution peak of the glycoprotein was obtained by phenol-sulfuric acid method at 490 nm. One main fraction was nally obtained, dialyzed, lyophilized and denoted as H2.
2.6. Physicochemical characterization of H2 2.6.1. Molecular weight analysis. The molecular weights of H2 was measured by a high-performance gel-permeation chromatography (HPGPC) on a Waters 1525 HPLC system tted with two connecting columns, TSK G-5000PWXL (7.8 mm Â 300 mm) and TSK G-3000PWXL (7.8 mm Â 300 mm), and monitored with a Waters 2414 differential refractive index detector. 10 mL of 2 mg mL À1 H2 was injected to the system and eluted with 0.02 M KH 2 PO 4 at a ow rate of 0.6 mL min À1 at 35 C. The GPC system was calibrated before sample analysis with dextran standards (MW: 668 kDa, 410 kDa, 273 kDa, 148 kDa, 48.6 kDa, 23.8 kDa, 11.6 kDa, and 5.2 kDa).
2.6.2. Monosaccharide analysis. The monosaccharide composition was analyzed by a Trace 1310 gas chromatography (GC) coupled with TSQ 8000 Evo mass spectrometry (MS) (Thermo Fisher Scientic, USA). 10 mg sample was hydrolyzed with 4 mL of 2 M triuoroacetic acid (TFA) at 130 C in a sealed glass tube for 4 h. 2 mL of methanol was used to remove excess TFA in a rotary evaporator under reduced pressure at 50 C for three times aer completing the hydrolysis. Then 10 mg of hydroxylamine hydrochloride and 2 mL of pyridine were added to the tube and incubated at 90 C for 40 min. Aer that, 2 mL of acetic anhydride was added and incubated at 90 C for another 40 min. 2 mL deionized water was added to eliminate the reaction. Acetylated derivatives were extracted with 3 mL chloroform for three times, and chloroform fractions were collected and concentrated at 40 C. The residuum was dissolved with chloroform and 1 mL of it was injected to the system. Analytes were separated in the GC with a TG-5MS GC column (60 m length Â 0.25 mm ID Â 0.5 mm lm thickness) at 1.2 mL min À1 helium ow and detected by MS using full scan mode (m/z 50-550). The injector and detector temperature were 230 C and 280 C, respectively. The column temperature was programmed as follows: 110 C for 1 min; a 15 C min À1 heating ramp to 180 C, which was held for 1 min; a heating ramp to 280 C at a rate of 2.5 C min À1 and held for 10 min. The standard monosaccharides were prepared and subjected to the system in the same way.
2.6.3. FTIR spectroscopy. The FT-IR spectrum for H2 was determined using a Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) in the spectrophotometer with a frequency range of 4000-400 cm À1 . H2 (1-2 mg) was adequately dried and ground with spectroscopic grade KBr powder (100 mg), then pressed into a 1 mm pellet for FT-IR measurement using a VERTEX 70 FT-IR infrared spectrometer (Bruker, Germany).
2.7.2. Cell viability assay. Cell viability was determined by MTT method. 24,25 RAW264.7 macrophage cells were seeded in 96-well plates at a density of 3 Â 10 4 cells mL À1 in 100 mL culture medium at an incubator (37 C, 5% CO 2 ). Aer incubation for 24 h, the cells were treated with 100 mL of different concentrations of H2 (10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120 and 140 mg mL À1 ) and incubated for another 24 h. In addition, equivalent volume of culture medium was used as the blank control. Aer treatment, 10 mL of MTT at 5 mg mL À1 was added to each well and further incubation for 4 h. At last, cell supernatant was moved and 100 mL of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were added. Aer shaking for 10 min, absorbance then was recorded at 540 nm wavelength using an automated microplate reader SpectraMax i3x (Molecular Devices, Austria). The cell survival ratio was expressed as a percentage of the control using the following formula: where A 1 was the absorbance of the control group; A 2 was the absorbance of the test samples group; A 0 was the absorbance of group treated with only culture medium.
2.7.3. Phagocytic assay. Effects of H2 on the phagocytosis of RAW264.7 cells were measured by neutral red uptake method. 26 RAW264.7 macrophage cells were seeded in 96well plates at a density of 3 Â 10 4 cells mL À1 in 100 mL culture medium at an incubator (37 C, 5% CO 2 ). Aer cells were cultured with 100 mL of various concentrations (10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 mg mL À1 ) of H2 or LPS (2 mg mL À1 ) for 24 h, the culture medium was removed and 100 mL per well 0.1% neutral red solution was added. The plates were incubated for 1 h and cells were washed with 0.01 M PBS (pH 7.4) three times to remove excess neutral red. 100 mL per well lysis solutions (ethanol/acetic acid 1 : 1) were added, and then the cells were lysis for 30 min at room temperature. The absorbance was determined at 540 nm by microplate reader (Molecular Devices, Austria). The phagocytic rate was calculated by the following formula: where A 1 was the absorbance of the control group; A 2 was the absorbance of the test samples group; A 0 was the absorbance of group treated with only culture medium.
2.7.4. Nitric oxide (NO) assay. NO levels in the cultured supernatants were measured by the Griess regent as described previously. 27 RAW264.7 macrophage cells were seeded in 24-well plates at a density of 5 Â 10 5 cells mL À1 in 500 mL culture medium at an incubator (37 C, 5% CO 2 ). Aer incubation for 18 h, the cells were treated with 1000 mL of LPS (2 mg mL À1 ), a series of concentrations of H2 (5, 10, 20 and 60 mg mL À1 ), respectively, and incubated for 24 h. Then Griess reagent (50 mL) was added to 50 mL of collected supernatant and absorbance at 540 nm wavelength was recorded. Griess method is based on the determination of nitrite ions obtained by quantitative reduction (greater than 90%) of nitrate ions present in the sample. Therefore, the sum of nitrite and nitrate ion concentrations is measured. Nitrate concentration is deduced by subtracting the original nitrite from sample of the total nitrite concentration (sum of these NO 2 with reduced NO 3 ). A standard solution of NaNO 3 was used for calibration.
2.7.5. TNF-a and IL-6 determination. RAW264.7 macrophage cells were incubated in 24-well plates at a density of 5 Â 10 5 cells mL À1 in 500 mL culture medium at an incubator (37 C, 5% CO 2 ). Aer incubation for 18 h, the cells were treated with 1000 mL of a series of concentrations of H2 (5, 10, 20 and 60 mg mL À1 ), respectively, and incubated for 24 h. Cells with culture medium were used as a negative control and LPS (2 mg mL À1 ) was used as a positive control. Cytokines IL-6 and TNF-a levels were assessed using an immune enzymatic assay (ELISA) kit according to the manufacturer instructions. Samples were analyzed in triplicate and optical density was determined at 450 nm.

Statistical analysis
Data were expressed as mean AE SD, at least 3 independent experiments for each sample except fatty acids analysis of S. zunasi Bleeker and composition analysis and amino acid composition of H2. Statistical signicance was calculated by one-way analysis of variance ANOVA followed by Turkey's test to determine the difference between groups (GraphPad Prism 5.0). Values of P < 0.05 were considered as statistically signicant.

Proximate composition
The proximate composition of S. zunasi Bleeker is presented in Table 1. Moisture (68.75% AE 0.79%) was the most abundant component in S. zunasi Bleeker, similar to Pomatomus saltatrix (70.87% AE 0.59%) and Engraulis encrasicolus (66.95% AE 0.64%). 28 The protein content 29 ranged from 17 g/100 g to 20 g/ 100 g for freshwater and 18 g/100 g to 22 g/100 g for marine sh. Crude protein content of S. zunasi Bleeker was 19.66% AE 0.15%, higher than that of Mullus barbatus (14.54% AE 0.00%), Pomatomus saltatrix (15.24% AE 0.55%) and Scorpaena porcus (16.91% AE 0.04%). 28 Fishes were oen classied as lean sh (lipid content < 5%), medium fat sh (5-10%), and fatty sh (>10%) on the basis of their fat content. 30 Based on this classication, S. zunasi Bleeker was medium fat sh with 6.29% AE 0.74% lipid content, was similar to values reported in muscle of other sh species, such as sardines and mackerel. 1 The ash content (6.16% AE 0.28%) of S. zunasi Bleeker was much higher than those of Pampus argenteus (2.25% AE 0.62%) and Harpadon nehereus (0.93% AE 0.11%). 31 The major carbohydrate composition in sh muscle is glycogen that is a polymer of glucose. A typical muscle in a live sh may contain between 0.1 and 1% glycogen. 32 In our study, we found carbohydrate content of S. zunasi Bleeker was 0.74% AE 0.01%, which agreed with the value reported in literature. 32

Nutritional composition analysis
3.2.1. Fatty acid content. The fatty acid composition of S. zunasi Bleeker is presented in Table 2. Twenty-seven fatty acids composed of C12:0 to C24:1, were identied. Fatty acids were generally divided into three categories: saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). These three fatty acids were found in 43.67, 25.00 and 31.01 percent of S. zunasi Bleeker, respectively. In recent decades, the WHO has recommended reduced consumption of saturated fatty acids based on their effects in increasing low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) and risks of heart diseases. 33 The marine sh S. zunasi Bleeker contained more UFA than SFA, the PUFA/SFA ratio (0.71) was higher than 0.45 that is an essential value of high nutritional food. Besides, EPA (Eicosapntemacnioc Acid) and DHA (Docosahexaenoic Acid) were important source of n-3 PUFA, together accounting for 20.30% of total fatty acids in S. zunasi Bleeker, higher than those of white herring, small yellow croaker and spotted maigre, 22 indicated S. zunasi Bleeker was a healthy source of fatty acids.
3.2.2. Amino acids content. The content of amino acids (AAs) and the proportion of amino acid components determined the nutritional value of protein in food. Some amino acids, such as cysteine (or sulphur-containing amino acid), tyrosine (or aromatic amino acids), histidine and arginine are required by infants and growing children. 34 Deciency in these amino acids may hinder healing recovery process. 35 AAs have been traditionally classied as nutritionally essential amino acids (EAA), nonessential amino acids (NEAA) or conditionally essential amino acids (CEAA). 36 The amino acid prole of S. zunasi Bleeker is shown in Table 3. Seventeen amino acids were identied. All of the essential amino acids were found to be present in S. zunasi Bleeker, accounting for 36.41% of the total amino acid. The highest content was glutamic acid at 2.41 g/100 g, which agreed with the reported data of four commonly consumed marine shes. 37 Lysine (8.50%), leucine (7.39%) and valine (4.58%) were the three most abundant essential amino acids, while glutamine and glutamic acid (15.75%), aspartic acid (9.48%) and glycine (8.56%) constituted the three most abundant nonessential amino acids in S. zunasi Bleeker.
3.2.3. Taurine content. Taurine, a derivative of cysteine, lacks a carboxyl group in structure and is not strictly an amino acid, but contains a sulfonic acid group, so it is called sulfonic acid. The content of taurine was measured as 219 mg/100 g (wet weight) in S. zunasi Bleeker, which was higher than that of other marine species, such as mackerel (78 mg/100 g) and albacore tuna (40 mg/100 g). 38 Benecial effects of taurine on cardiovascular risk factors have been proposed, [39][40][41][42] and both a reduction in body weight, 43 benecial effects on blood lipids, 44 antiatherosclerotic, and anti-inammatory effects have been observed. 40 The anti-obesity effects of taurine may partly be due to suppression of inammation in adipose tissue. 45 Taurine supplementation has been found to increase adiponectin levels,  and decrease markers of inammation (high-sensitivity Creactive protein). 46 Thus, S. zunasi Bleeker could be a promising natural source of taurine with benets for human health. Table 4, eight minerals were quantied in S. zunasi Bleeker, including four macro minerals (Ca, K, Na, and Mg) and four trace minerals (Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu). Ca (1240 AE 0.02 mg/100 g) was the major mineral in S. zunasi Bleeker, the content of which was found to be higher than that in Sardinella longiceps (523.9 AE 45.6 mg/100 g), 47 Mullus surmeletus (398.6 AE 105.9 mg kg À1 ) and Upeneus moluccensis (617.4 AE 90.5 mg kg À1 ), 48 followed by K (308 AE 0.08 mg/100 g), Na (168 AE 0.04 mg/100 g) and Mg (56.30 AE 2.7 mg/ 100 g). Ca rich in S. zunasi Bleeker suggests that it could be a good choice for nutritional supplements. The analysis of microelements revealed that S. zunasi Bleeker possessed Fe (9.48 AE 0.05 mg/100 g), Zn (2.55 AE 0.06 mg/100 g) and Mn (0.59 AE 0.01 mg/100 g), and the content of Cu was less than 0.5 mg/ 100 g. Fe is one of the essential trace minerals that good for health, the level of Fe (9.48 AE 0.05 mg/100 g) in S. zunasi Bleeker was much higher than that in Upeneus moluccensis (7.3 mg kg À1 ) and Mullus surmeletus (6.4 mg kg À1 ), 48 indicated S. zunasi Bleeker may be taken as a good supplement source of Fe with healthy benets to human. 49

Extraction, purication, and physicochemical properties of H2
In this study, crude glycoprotein (H1) was obtained from S. zunasi Bleeker by conventional hot water extraction, alcohol precipitation and deproteinization. Crude glycoprotein was further puried through anion-exchange chromatography according to differences in the existence of ionic groups. One fraction eluted with the 0.2 M sodium chloride solution was collected (Fig. 1a). Aer dialysis and concentration, it was further puried by Sephadex G-200 column, and then H2 was obtained (Fig. 1b). The physicochemical properties of H2 were shown in Table 5. The content of total sugar and protein were 16.27% and 34.25%, respectively. The main monosaccharide existed in H2 were mannose and galactose. The homogeneity and average molecular weight of H2 were measured by HPGPC shown in Fig. 1c. The GPC curves revealed that the fraction was represented by a single, sharp peak, indicated the glycoprotein was relatively homogeneous in molecular weight distribution. The average molecular weight of H2 was calculated as 7145 Da according to the equation of calibration curve.   The FTIR spectra of H2 is shown in Fig. 2, most of the absorption bands could be assigned according to data obtained in previous studies. [50][51][52][53] The broad stretching intense peak at 3356 cm À1 indicated the presence of hydroxyl and amino groups, 54 the 2927 cm À1 region corresponded to the C-H stretching vibration. The band at 1649 cm À1 was the C]O stretching vibration of amide group. The absorption peak at 1399 cm À1 represented the C-O-H carboxylic acid, and the strong peak observed at 1069 cm À1 was characteristic of all sugar derivatives and hydroxyl group. 55 The spectra indicated H2 was a glycoprotein.

Immunomodulatory activity of H2
3.4.1. Effects of H2 on RAW264.7 cells viability. To investigate the toxicity of H2 towards the RAW264.7 cells, their viability was evaluated by MTT assay aer treatment with different H2 concentrations (10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120 and 140 mg mL À1 ) for 24 h. As shown in Fig. 3, with the rise of H2 concentrations from 10 mg mL À1 to 120 mg mL À1 , the viability of RAW264.7 cells increased. At the concentrations of 10, 20 and 40 mg mL À1 , the viability rates of RAW264.7 were 132.91 AE 11.85%, 132.71 AE 6.88% and 120.34 AE 5.95%, respectively. The viability was not signicantly (P > 0.05) inuenced by H2 at the concentrations from 60 mg mL À1 to 120 mg mL À1 , compared with control group. When the concentration of H2 was up to 140 mg mL À1 , the viability of RAW264.7 cells decreased. The results of present study indicated H2 at concentrations below 120 mg mL À1 was nontoxic to RAW264.7 cells, thus allowing concentrations from 10 mg mL À1 to 120 mg mL À1 being used for further study.
3.4.2. Effects of H2 on phagocytic uptake. The phagocytic function of macrophages plays an important role in immune responses. 56 Therefore, the effect of H2 on the phagocytic activities of RAW264.7 cells was examined by the uptake of neutral red. As showed in Fig. 4, H2 stimulated the phagocytic activity of RAW264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner in the concentration ranged from 10 mg mL À1 to 120 mg mL À1 compared with the control group. The stimulatory effect of H2 on phagocytic activity of RAW264.7 cells did not differ signicantly from that in the control group (P > 0.05) in the Fig. 2 The FTIR spectra of H2.  concentration ranged from 10 mg mL À1 to 60 mg mL À1 . With the concentrations of H2 increased, the phagocytic activity was signicant (P < 0.01) compared with the control group, indicated that H2 had abilities to promote phagocytic activities of macrophages at concentrations beyond 60 mg mL À1 . However, the stimulatory effects of H2 on phagocytic activity were lower than that of LPS.
3.4.3. Effects of H2 on NO production. As a kind of important signal transduction medium, NO plays an important role in the immune system. 57 Analysis of the release of NO by activated macrophages can reect the effects of S. zunasi Bleeker glycoprotein on immune function. Griess assay was used to determine the effect of H2 on the production of a macrophageactivating factor NO of RAW264.7 cells. The release of NO caused by H2 were shown in Fig. 5, the NO concentration of the culture supernatant of the RAW264.7 cells were increased by H2 in a dose-dependent manner from 5 mg mL À1 to 60 mg mL À1 . Furthermore, the production of NO stimulated by a high concentration (60 mg mL À1 ) of H2 was even more than LPStreated group.
3.4.4. Effects of H2 on TNF-a and IL-6 production. Cytokines are small molecular proteins secreted by activated monocyte-macrophages and lymphocytes. TNF-a and IL-6 are two important cytokines that play a role in immune response. The production of TNF-a (Fig. 6a) and IL-6 ( Fig. 6b) were low in the control group, compared with control group, treatment with H2 can induce TNF-a and IL-6 release in RAW264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner from 5 mg mL À1 to 60 mg mL À1 . The production of TNF-a (5, 10, 20 and 60 mg mL À1 ) was measured to be 5.5-fold, 8.1-fold, 15.5fold and 16.9-fold of control group. Moreover, the production of TNF-a induced by H2 at concentration of 60 mg mL À1 showed a comparative level of the LPS-treated group. The production of IL-6 induced by low concentration (5 mg mL À1 ) of H2 showed no signicance (P > 0.05) compared with control group, with the increase of H2 concentrations from 10 mg mL À1 to 60 mg mL À1 , production of IL-6 increased, but still less than the LPS-treated group.

Conclusions
To sum up, the study revealed that S. zunasi Bleeker was a valuable marine sh for containing high level of protein and taurine. The amino acids and mineral composition indicated S. zunasi Bleeker was a good source of essential amino acids and micronutrients. Furthermore, S. zunasi Bleeker can be considered as a potential dietary source of DHA and EPA. The glycoprotein from S. zunasi Bleeker showed a signicant immunostimulatory activity on RAW264.7 cells. It could not only promote cell proliferation and phagocytosis, but also promote inammatory cytokines secretion. Thus, S. zunasi Bleeker can be considered as a nutritional supplement with a potential immunostimulatory property.

Conflicts of interest
There are no conicts to declare.