Ultrafast electronic excitations of small sodium clusters and the onset of electron thermalization

Abstract

In this paper we report simulations of the ultrafast laser excitation and relaxation of the correlated valence electrons of a Na₈ cluster. The aim is twofold: first, while the total energy stays constant when the exciting laser pulse is over, we observe that the entropy computed from the reduced one electron density matrix rises on a much longer time scale. We discuss whether this can be understood as the onset of the thermalization of a finite system. Second, we describe this process with eight different methods of wavefunction-based electronic structure theory, which have been adapted for an explicitly time-dependent description. Their respective advantages and limitations for the simulation of the excitation and subsequent relaxation are explained.