Fe–N–C single-atom nanozymes with peroxidase-like activity for the detection of alkaline phosphatase

Abstract

Single-atom nanozymes have drawn wide attention in bio-sensing for their remarkable merits such as low cost, high stability, and maximum atom utilization. Herein, a colorimetric strategy based on Fe–N–C single-atom nanozymes (Fe/NC-SAs) was established for the detection of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. The Fe/NC-SAs prepared by pyrolysis have excellent peroxidase-like activity and can oxidize 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to a blue color product in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). When ascorbic acid (AA) is added to the system, the blue color fades, and the absorbance has a linear relationship with the concentration of AA. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) can catalyze the hydrolysis of ascorbic acid 2-phosphate (AAP) to produce AA. Thus, a strategy based on Fe/NC-SAs for the detection of ALP activity was established, which provided a linear range of 0.1–1.5 U L⁻¹ and a limit of detection as low as 0.05 U L⁻¹. Besides, Fe/NC-SAs showed high stability under harsh conditions. Moreover, an Fe/NC-SA-based assay was successfully validated using human serum samples for ALP determination with satisfactory results, and has broad prospects in the field of biosensing.