Black-phosphorus crystal growth model deduced from the product distribution state under different process factors

Abstract

As a new type of two-dimensional material, black phosphorus (BP) has great potential for development. However, the unclear synthesis mechanism means that its practical application is challenging. In this study, after BP synthesis (without a process intervention such as an interrupted reaction), the material transformation mechanism was studied by studying the product state under various process factors. Based on the Schäfer chemical vapor transport equations, the BP crystal growth model was deduced. In the five temperature stages of BP growth, the existing form and state, position and function, as well as the formation and transformation mechanism of each substance are described in detail. The key temperature stages of the formation and transformation of the nucleating agent and its precursors were determined to be stage III and stage IV. The influence and mechanism of temperature distribution and pressure in a muffle furnace on BP synthesis were ascertained, which provided a basis for controllable and efficient synthesis of BP.