Magnetic graphene nanocomposites: a new frontier in radioactive waste remediation

Abstract

The management of radioactive waste presents formidable environmental and health challenges, necessitating the development of effective remediation technologies. Magnetic nanocomposites (NCs) derived from iron oxide (Fe₃O₄) and graphene derivatives have emerged as highly promising materials for the sorptive removal of radionuclides from contaminated aqueous streams. This comprehensive review critically examines the synthesis, characterization, and application of these NCs. The key physicochemical properties—including structural, magnetic, and surface characteristics—that underpin their high sorption capacities have been explored. The discussion covers various synthesis methodologies and the analytical techniques used to validate the properties of the materials. A central focus is placed on the sorption mechanisms, performance efficiency, and the operational factors influencing the sequestration of radioactive ions. Despite their significant potential, several challenges related to scalability, long-term stability, selective sorption in complex matrices, and potential environmental impacts have been identified and discussed. Finally, future research directions to advance the practical application of Fe₃O₄@graphene NCs in radioactive waste management have been discussed. This review provides a foundational understanding of the capabilities and limitations of these materials, aiming to guide future research toward their practical implementation in mitigating the hazards of radioactive contamination.