Recent advances in synthesis of ZnCr2O4 nanomaterials and its composites for catalytic, energy, sensing, and biomedical applications: a review

Abstract

The growing interest in zinc chromite nanoparticles (ZnCr 2 O 4 NPs) has garnered tremendous attention due to their unique physicochemical characteristics and diverse applications, including photocatalytic activity, sensors, supercapacitors, catalysis, and biomedical fields. Ceramic ZnCr 2 O 4 nanomaterials (NMs) were synthesized through various methods: sol-gel, hydrothermal, co-precipitation, microwave-assisted, solvothermal, ball-milling, spray pyrolysis, thermal decomposition, combustion, and green synthesis. Prominent features of ZnCr 2 O 4 NPs include outstanding photocatalytic and catalytic activity, tunable morphology, and excellent stability. These spinel oxides hold promise for various medicinal applications, including antimicrobial and anticancer properties, as well as the degradation of dyes, antibiotics, and the elimination of pollutants. In this regard, we have reviewed the current literature and discussed the physicochemical characteristics, fabrication methods, and possible uses of newly developed ZnCr 2 O 4 NMs. Many variables, including pH, solvent, concentration, time, and temperature, have been effectively addressed regarding the synthesis of ZnCr 2 O 4 NPs. Additionally, the diverse applications of ZnCr 2 O 4 NMs are explored, along with potential directions for future studies on ZnCr 2 O 4 NMs. This review article will serve as a valuable resource for scientists and researchers involved in the production and various applications of ceramic ZnCr 2 O 4 NMs.