Improved Stability of BiVO4 Photoanode for Photoelectrochemical Oxidation: Fundamentals, Strategies and Applications

Abstract

Bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) semiconductors have emerged as promising photoanodes for photoelectrochemical (PEC) applications to achieve solar fuels toward carbon neutralization. The limited long-term stability of BiVO4 photoanodes remains a critical challenge hindering the large-scale commercialization of PEC oxidation technology. This review summarizes recent advances in strategies to improve the stability of BiVO4 photoanodes. Firstly, we critically analyze the fundamental mechanisms responsible for the inherent instability of BiVO4 photoanodes. Subsequently, various modification strategies to achieve long-term stability of BiVO4 photoanodes are systematically examined, including protective coating strategies, cocatalyst deposition, and electrolyte engineering. Additionally, the practical applications of highly stable BiVO4 photoanodes in unbiased water splitting systems are examined, providing insights into their potential for addressing energy and environmental challenges. Finally, this review outlines strategies to improve BiVO4 photoanode stability, highlighting future research directions to enable their long-term practical application in PEC water splitting and the oxidation of organic/biomass feedstock.