Industrial-Oriented Large-Area Perovskite Solar Cells: Fabrication Technology Integration, Defect Passivation, and Stability Optimization

Abstract

This paper focuses on industrial-oriented large-area perovskite solar cells (PSCs), systematically analyzing the core scientific challenges and technical bottlenecks encountered in scaling up from laboratory-scale small-area devices to large-area modules. It highlights that key issues restricting device performance and stability include spatial heterogeneity in film nucleation and growth, path dependency and increased losses in charge transport, defect enrichment effects at edges and interfaces, the "area amplification effect" on stability, and environmental impacts during the fabrication process. In response to these challenges, the article reviews current effective performance regulation strategies from multiple dimensions, including internal defect passivation in thin films, interface engineering optimization, and device structural innovation. The study emphasizes that through synergistic integration of multi-strategy approaches and process optimization, it is possible to advance perovskite photovoltaic technology toward efficient, stable, and environmentally friendly large-scale manufacturing and industrial application.