Recent developments in manganese chalcogenide electrodes for sodium-ion hybrid capacitors

Abstract

Sodium-ion hybrid capacitors (SIHCs) have emerged as one of the most promising candidates for grid-scale energy storage systems, attributed to their abundant sodium reserves, extended lifespan, and high power/energy density. However, the kinetic mismatch between the sluggish electrochemical reaction kinetics of battery-type anodes and the rapid kinetics of capacitor-type cathodes significantly impedes their practical implementation. Recently, manganese chalcogenides and manganese chalcogenide-based nanocomposites have attracted increasing interest in SIHCs due to their cost-effectiveness, high theoretical capacities, and diverse physicochemical properties. Nevertheless, their inferior ion/electron diffusion rates and substantial volume variations during sodiation/desodiation processes result in poor rate capability and shortened lifespan. To address these critical challenges, various traditional and innovative strategies have been employed to synthesize high-quality manganese chalcogenide-based anode materials for SIHCs. This review first summarizes the configuration, reaction mechanisms, and anode materials of SIHCs. It then systematically reviews recent advancements in efficient strategies, including morphology design, carbon modification, structural engineering, and electrolyte optimization. Finally, future development trends and perspectives for manganese chalcogenide-based anodes in SIHCs are proposed. This review aims to inspire the further exploration and design of advanced manganese chalcogenide-based anodes for achieving high-performance SIHCs.