In situ/operando Characterization of MXene Electrodes for Energy Storage Applications

Abstract

The ever-increasing demand for energy has led to advancements in energy storage devices. Advanced electrode materials and a greater understanding of the underlying electrochemical processes are essential for moving into more practical applications. MXenes, a new family of layered early transition metal carbides and/or nitrides, have been widely researched using both theoretical and experimental methods to better understand their unique properties and potential applications. The higher surface area and dangling bonds render MXene with unique properties, making it a good contender for various energy storage applications. Characterizing the device behavior of these MXenes in real-world conditions (operando) or at the site of operation (in situ) without disassembly can provide pivotal kinetic information that would otherwise be lost. The focus of this review is on the in situ/operando characterization of MXene electrodes for energy storage applications, highlighting the role of MXene materials in energy storage applications, with detailed insights on MXene electrode behavior in different electrolytes, latest advancements in MXene characterization and their implications, with comparative analysis of the strengths and limitations of each technique in the context of MXene characterization, along with emerging trends, unresolved challenges, and specific research gaps prevailing in in situ/operando characterization of MXenes.