Recent advances in carbon-based materials for supercapacitors: synthesis, electrochemical properties, and impact of machine learning

Abstract

Supercapacitor (SC) technology is one of the pioneering energy storage technologies of the current century. The SC devices demonstrated exceptional potential in revolutionizing the existing clean and sustainable energy devices. In the last few years, significant advancements have been made in technology in terms of exploring advanced electrode materials, synthesizing diverse electrolytes, and designing multiple SC cells. Among the electrode materials, carbon-based materials have been extensively studied because of their high surface area, enhanced porosity, high conductivity, low-cost synthesis processes, and high abundance. This article aims to shed light on the recent advancements in SC technology and also summarize the progress in carbon-based electrode materials in SC technology. Initially, the progress in the electrodes and electrolytes in SC technology is comprehensively summarized. In the next step, the synthesis and electrochemical performance of carbon materials with diverse dimensionality, including 0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D, are thoroughly discussed. Lastly, the most recent studies on implementing the concept of machine learning (ML) in SC technology and related carbon-based electrode materials are summarized. The existing challenges and the related prospects are also included. Overall, the article serves as one of the updated and commanding assets in SC technology.