Chalcogen Cathodes Beyond Sulfur: The Rising Role of Selenium and Tellurium in Zinc-Ion Energy Storage

Abstract

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries are gaining increasing attention as next-generation energy storage systems due to their inherent safety, cost-effectiveness, and environmental compatibility. Yet, the limited availability of high-performance cathode materials continues to constrain their practical development. Chalcogen-based materials, particularly selenium (Se) and tellurium (Te), have recently emerged as promising cathode candidates due to their high volumetric capacities, multi-electron redox chemistries, and superior electrical conductivities compared with sulfur and conventional oxide materials. This Review summarizes recent advances in the design, synthesis, and electrochemical performance of Se- and Te-based cathodes for aqueous zinc-ion batteries. We discuss how their fundamental physicochemical properties, electronic structures, and redox mechanisms in aqueous electrolytes govern energy storage behaviour. Particular emphasis is placed on structure–property relationships, including nanoscale engineering, conductive host confinement, and interfacial modulation, which stabilize redox reactions and enhance capacity retention. Comparative analyses with other cathode families highlight both the advantages and persistent limitations of chalcogen-based cathodes. Finally, we outline future directions for the rational design of advanced Se- and Te-based cathodes, to improve their energy density and durability. We provide a comprehensive perspective on the emerging role of Se and Te in aqueous zinc-ion batteries, focusing on their ability to drive high-performance, safe, and practical energy storage solutions.