Radiation hardness analysis of 2D layered perovskite photovoltaics in space environments

Abstract

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are promising technology for both Earth and space applications. However, thermal stability, radiation tolerant and light weight are requirements for space-compatible designs due to thermal cycling and radiation exposure in space orbits. Here for the first time, we report fully 2D-based photovoltaics (PVs) using 2D Ruddlesden–Popper perovskite (2DRP) as a light absorber and molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) and graphene as charge transport layers. Using the SCAPS-1D simulator, we systematically optimize the trap-state density, perovskite layer thickness, shallow acceptor doping, series/shunt resistances, and operating temperature. The champion PSC achieves a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 23.03% with heat stability. Additionally, we use a Monte Carlo-based simulation in SRIM/TRIM to analyze the proton-irradiation-induced damage profile of the PSC structure. A relatively low-energy proton results in collision events and displaces atoms within the perovskite lattice that act as deep-level traps, whereas high-energy protons penetrate deeply within the device stack, creating fewer defects in the perovskite lattice. Additionally, a 5-µm-thick glass barrier capped atop the PSC blocks 0.4 MeV protons without decreasing the PCE, which leads to a PSC lifetime increase in the ISS orbit.