Recent Advances of Multi-Metallic Organic Frameworks and their Derivatives for Catalysis, Electro-/Photocatalysis and Sensing Applications

Abstract

The growing global demand for advanced porous materials for a wide gamut of applications has spurred significant interest in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). These structures are highly valued for their engineering versatility, combined with multifunctionality, vast chemical space, and structural diversity. Various strategies have been developed to enhance the performance of MOFs in different applications, with one of the most promising approaches being the incorporation of multiple metals into their structure to form multi-metallic organic frameworks (MMOFs). MMOFs exhibits outstanding performance compared to the MOFs due to the tunable synergistic effect amid diverse metals which can be gained by their unique engineering.The simultaneous presence of several metals imparts exceptionally enhanced properties to MMOFs, including active site tunability, which optimizes their catalytic, photocatalytic, and electrocatalytic performance. Additionally, MMOFs exhibit superior sensing capabilities, characterized by higher sensitivity and precision, and demonstrate improved medicinal properties.This review provides a comprehensive, critical view of MMOFs, focusing on their synthesis strategies, challenges, and the specific or preferential role of each metal when they are present in