A bibliometric analysis of low-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells: linking materials innovation to performance and durability trends

Abstract

Low-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells (LT-PEMFCs) play a central role in the transition to hydrogen-based energy systems due to their high efficiency, rapid start-up, and broad applicability in transport and stationary power generation. Advances in LT-PEMFC technology have been driven predominantly by materials innovation, particularly in electrocatalysts, catalyst layers, and membrane electrode assemblies, aimed at improving performance and long-term durability. However, the literature's rapid growth and increasing interdisciplinary nature have led to a fragmented research landscape, making it difficult to establish clear development paths and new priorities. While existing reviews have largely adopted narrative approaches focusing on specific materials or mechanisms, a comprehensive, data-driven synthesis linking materials innovation to performance and durability trends remains absent. To address this gap, this study presents a rigorous bibliometric analysis of LT-PEMFC research based on publications indexed in Scopus and Web of Science. The analysis evaluates publication and citation trends, leading countries, institutions, and journals, alongside collaboration networks and keyword co-occurrence patterns. Particular emphasis is placed on cluster-based interpretation of materials-focused research and its temporal evolution in relation to performance and durability challenges. The novelty of this work lies in its critical synthesis of bibliometric evidence to explicitly connect materials innovation with functional outcomes in LT-PEMFCs. The findings provide strategic insights to guide future research directions and support the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 2030, especially SDG 7, SDG 9, and SDG 13.