Nanoceramic materials for next generation high-efficiency energy storage, energy conversion and energy transmission systems

Abstract

Nanoceramics, which have nanoscale structural units and remarkable mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties, are providing transformative benefits for energy systems of the future. This review provides an overview of how nanoceramics are paving the way towards next generation energy systems with high-efficiency energy storage, conversion, and transmission technologies, from lithium-ion batteries to supercapacitors to solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) to dielectric capacitors. The nanoceramics' high surface area, tunable dielectric constants, and superior thermal stability provide opportunities for increases in energy density, electrochemical performance, and durability under operating conditions. Notable applications of nanoceramics are discussed related to oxide-based nanoceramics to improve ionic conductivity in SOFCs, high-entropy ceramics for cost-effective capacitors with ultrahigh specific energy storage capabilities, and hybrid nanoceramic–polymer composites for flexible energy device systems. Challenges remain with respect to scalability in processing, composition related grain boundary effects, and lifecycle emissions. New processing technologies, multiscale modelling, and machine learning-enabled design principles offer potential solutions to these challenges in energy storage. The incorporation of nanoceramics into energy systems represents an opportunity to address global sustainability and efficiency concerns through thermoelectric conversion of environmental heat. The potential of nanoceramics as next generation energy technology foundational materials may contribute to developing large scale renewable energy technologies of the future.