Combined electrodeposition and electropolymerization method to produce surface-bound polystyrenyl NHC thin films

Abstract

Polymeric N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) films offer a promising strategy for generating durable protective coatings on metals. Polystyrenyl NHC films were constructed on gold in a one step process that combined electrodeposition and electropolymerization of styrenyl benzimidazolium halide precursors at −1.3 V vs. Ag/AgCl for 5 min. Ellipsometry confirmed the nanometer scale films on Au were formed with thicknesses of 1.2–2.9 ± 0.2 nm, while non-polymerizable controls were ≤0.8 nm. Cyclic voltammetry showed strong surface passivation for all polystyrenyl NHC films relative to the monomeric analogues. Area selective deposition on the NHC precursors was evaluated on patterned Au/SiO₂ with excellent selectivity factors up to 0.90. These results establish polystyrenyl NHC films as robust nanometer-thick inhibitor coatings that couple strong NHC–metal bonding with the hydrophobic insulating character of polystyrene.