Innovative chemical design and regulation strategies for overcoming lead toxicity in perovskite-based optoelectronics: a new perspective

Abstract

The rapid rise of metal halide perovskites has revolutionized optoelectronic technologies, yet the intrinsic lead (Pb) toxicity remains a fundamental challenge threatening environmental safety and sustainable commercialization. This perspective summarizes recent advances over the past two to three years (2023–2025) in innovative chemical design and regulation strategies for Pb sequestration and immobilization within perovskite systems, encompassing both photovoltaic and luminescent devices. Key developments include embedding crosslinked supramolecular networks for Pb capture, constructing supramolecular host–guest inclusion complexes for Pb immobilization, employing chemical synergistic coordination for Pb species stabilization, and achieving lattice-matching anchoring for Pb migration suppression. Dual protection via dynamic interfacial confinement and integrated physical–chemical encapsulation further minimizes Pb leakage. In addition, the use of biocompatible supramolecular cyclodextrins for selective Pb ion chelation represents a promising route to reduce Pb toxicity at the material and environmental levels. Despite these achievements, challenges persist in ensuring scalability, long-term stability, and economic feasibility. Looking forward, future efforts should focus on intelligent Pb-sequestrating materials, Pb-free perovskite alternatives, closed-loop recycling systems, and interdisciplinary collaboration. By integrating chemical innovation with sustainability principles, a transformative pathway can be envisioned toward a safe, stable, and environmentally responsible perovskite optoelectronics industry.