From Light Loss to Light Harvesting: Anti-Reflective Coatings Bridging Optics, Materials, and Performance in Perovskite Solar Cells

Abstract

Anti-Reflective Coatings (ARCs) are critical for maximizing photon harvesting in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) by mitigating reflection losses and enhancing photocurrent generation. Despite widespread documentations of ARCs in various optoelectronic fields, their integration into PSCs remains relatively underexplored. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the design, development, and optimization of ARCs specifically tailored for PSCs. We begin by outlining the unique optical and structural challenges in PSC architectures that make conventional ARCs less effective to PSCs. Various types of ARCs including monolayer, multilayer, graded refractive index, nanostructured or surface-textured ones, and spectral down conversion coatings are explored alongside their fabrication methodologies. Beyond optical performance, we emphasize critical practical considerations such as anti-soiling properties, infrared management, mechanical robustness, and thermal stability, which are essential for ARC real-world deployment. Additionally, we underscore the role of optical modelling techniques in fine-tuning the ARCs to optimize spectral and angular photon management within PSCs. By bridging fundamental principles with practical requirements, this review highlights the immense potential of ARC technologies to significantly improve light absorption, current density (Jsc), and ultimately the efficiency of PSCs.