Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis of liquids

Abstract

We present the first comprehensive, internally consistent analysis of core-level chemical shifts for aqueous-phase solutes using Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis of Liquids (ESCAL). An absolute binding-energy calibration enables high accuracy and cross-molecule comparability. The C 1s spectra of oxygenated aliphatic compounds display functional-group-specific shifts that increase with carbon oxidation state. Although these trends depart from gas- and solid-phase behavior, highlighting solvent and hydration effects, they correlate closely with calculated core-level orbital energies, providing a useful first-order predictor. We further resolve secondary, through-bond shifts over one and two bonds, the magnitudes of which depend sensitively on specific functional-group interactions (notably carboxylic acid and ketone motifs). Such element- and oxidation-state-specific structural information establishes the principles and reference data needed to build a predictive ESCAL database for liquid-phase structural and chemical analysis. The results will be contrasted with NMR studies.