Dynamic-structural-distortion of spheroidene activates a hidden 3Ag− state mediating carotenoid-to-bacteriochlorophyll energy transfer in a light-harvesting 2 complex

Abstract

Carotenoids extend the absorption range of photosynthesis and transfer excitation energy to (bacterio-)chlorophylls with remarkable efficiency, yet the microscopic mechanism of this process, especially the role of the S_X intermediate, remains unresolved. Here, we use femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy, whose high vibrational frequency and temporal resolutions enable direct tracking of excited-state intermediates and their symmetry characteristics. By probing spheroidene in both solution and the light-harvesting 2 complex of Rhodobacter sphaeroides, we reveal structural change in the S₂ (1B_u⁺) state that forms distorted S_X and S₁ (2A_g⁻) intermediates. The S_X state is assigned to optically forbidden 3A_g⁻ configuration rather than the earlier 1B_u⁻ or A_g⁺ proposals and is identified as an efficient pathway for energy transfer to bacteriochlorophylls. The spheroidene-to-bacteriochlorophyll energy transfer efficiencies are quantified as 32% via the S_X state, combined with 50% from the S₂ state and 12% from the S₁ state, yielding an overall transfer efficiency of 94%, in excellent agreement with previous reports. We propose that the observed structural distortions of spheroidene dynamically enhance coulombic coupling with surrounding bacteriochlorophylls, which may underlie the remarkably high efficiency of excitation energy transfer.