Wireless nanopore electrodes (WNEs): from a non-contact conductive tip to applications in electroanalysis and electrocatalysis

Abstract

Wireless nanopore electrodes (WNEs) exploit bipolar electrochemistry to provide stable and reproducible nanoscale electrochemical interfaces. The conductive material at the nanopore tip serves as a well-defined sensing interface. This feature enables high spatial and temporal resolution while eliminating the need for traditional wire sealing and thereby avoiding noise or instability arising from the contacted electrode. Therefore, the WNE has become a powerful tool in nanoelectrochemistry with broad applications across electroanalysis and electrocatalysis. This perspective outlines the fabrication of closed-type and open-type WNEs and discusses their applications in monitoring the growth of catalytic materials, assessing electrocatalytic activity, and performing intracellular measurements. Special emphasis is placed on their integration with mass spectrometry and optical spectroscopy to achieve multidimensional insights. Finally, we highlight future research directions, focusing on enhancing stability, precise surface functionalization, and the development of miniaturized, portable devices for practical use.