Eco-friendly differential pulse voltammetric determination of benzydamine hydrochloride using a gold nanoparticles-modified carbon paste electrode

Abstract

A differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) method is presented for the determination of benzydamine hydrochloride (BZ) in bulk powder, mouthwash, and artificial saliva matrices. This work represents the first application of DPV for the electrochemical determination of BZ. The method employs a carbon paste electrode (CPE) modified with electrodeposited gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) through a chronoamperometric step, which significantly enhances the oxidation peak current for BZ within the potential window of 0.0 to 1.6 V. The variables, most significantly the pH and scan rate, affecting the voltammetric response were systematically optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the proposed sensor exhibited a linear response over the concentration range of 1.00–10.00 µM with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.1024 µM. Validation in accordance with the ICH guidelines confirmed satisfactory accuracy and precision. The applicability of the developed method was further verified through the successful quantification of BZ in mouthwash formulations and artificial saliva samples. The proposed DPV approach provides a complementary analytical alternative rather than a replacement, which was evidenced by comparison with the reported electrochemical methods. In addition, the environmental and practical performance of the method was assessed using established greenness and applicability metrics, confirming that the proposed approach combines analytical effectiveness with a low environmental burden and favorable practical characteristics.